give up one's

ἐκδίδωμι, [ per.] 3sg.

A

ἐκδιδοῖ Hdt.1.80

,al.:—give up, esp.somethingseized and detained unlawfully,

Ἑλένην καὶ κτήμαθ' ἅμ' αὐτῇ Il.3.459

, cf. Hdt.1.3: generally, surrender, esp. of giving up refugees, ib.74, 158 sq.;

τινὰ τοῖς ἐχθροῖς S.Ph. 1386

, cf. OT 1040, etc.;

ἐ. τινὰ τοῖς κατηγόροις D.21.30

, cf. 29.38; ἐ. δοῦλον give up a slave to be examined by torture, Antipho 6.27, D.29.14;

αὐτὸν ἐξέδωκεν μαστιγῶσαι Εὐριπίδῃ Arist.Pol. 1311b32

;

αὑτὸν ἐς τιμωρίαν τοῖς δικασταῖς Polyaen.6.7.1

; surrender a city,

Ἀμφίπολιν D.19.253

, cf. 257:—[voice] Med., θυμὸν ἐκδόσθαι πρὸς ἥβαν give up one's heart to jollity, Pi.P.4.295.

2 give out of one's house,

a ἐ. θυγατέρα give one's daughter in marriage,

τινί Hdt.1.196

, E.IA 132 (anap.), cf. Thphr.Char.22.4; θυγατέρας παρὰ σφῶν αὐτῶν ἐκδόντες having provided for their marriage at their own expense, D.27.69;

Ἄλκηστιν ἐ. πρὸς γάμον D.S.4.53

; freq. also without any acc., give in marriage,

ἐ. εἰς οὒς ἂν ἐθέλωσι Pl.R. 613d

, cf. 362b, Th.8.21, etc.: metaph., of the elements,

συνοικίζειν καὶ ἐ. Pl. Sph. 242d

:—less freq. in [voice] Med.,

ἐκδίδοσθαι θυγατέρα Hdt.2.47

, Thphr. Char.30.19;

ἐξέδου κόρην ὅτῳ σε θυμὸς ἦγεν E.Med. 309

:—[voice] Pass., Arc. ἐσδοθένσᾳ ( = ἐκδοθείσῃ) given in marriage, SIG306.7 (Tegea, iv B.C.).

b give one's son for adoption, τοὺς μὲν (sc. υἱοὺς)

εἰς ἑτέρας οἰκίας Plb.31.28.2

, cf. POxy.1206.6 (iv A. D.); also ἐ. τὸν παῖδα ἐπὶ τέχνην put him out as an apprentice, X.Eq.2.2, cf. BGU1021.6, etc.

3 farm out, let for hire,

τὴν αὐλήν Hdt.1.68

, cf. SIG1044.29 (Halic., iv/iii B. C.), etc.; ἐ. ἀνδράποδα to let out slaves for work, X. Vect.4.15;

πῶλον Id.Eq.2.2

(also in [voice] Med., ἐξέδοτο [ ἀμπελῶνα]

γεωργοῖς Ev.Marc.12.1

): c. inf.,

χαλινὸν χαλκεῖ ἐ. σκευάσαι Pl.Prm. 127a

; ἐ. [ θύλακον]

τῷ σκυτοδέψῃ ἐπιρράψαι Thphr.Char.16.6

; ὅταν ἐκδῷ θοἰμάτιον ἐκπλῦναι ib.22.8 ; ἐκδόντος μοι Δημοσθένους..στέφανον χρυσοῦν ὥστε κατασκευάσαι Test. ap. D.21.22; ὥσπερ ἀνδριάντ' ἐκδεδωκὼς κατὰ συγγραφήν like one who has contracted for the execution of a statue, D.18.122.

4 give in charge to another, πολλοὺς ἐξέδωκα Προδίκῳ (with play on signf. 2) Pl.Tht. 151b; ἐκδιδοὺς νεικέων so as to be out of the way of quarrels, E.Ba. 293 (s.v.l.): c. inf.,

Δὶ τοῦτ'..ἐκδώσομεν πράσσειν Pi.O.13.106

.

5 bring out,

ἀλλ' ἐκδότω τις..δᾷδας Ar.Pl. 1194

;

ἐκδότω δέ τις..δίφρω δύο Id.Fr. 348

.

6 lend out money on security, etc., Lexap.D.35.51;

ναυτικὰ ἐκδεδομένα Lys.32.6

.

b simply, pay out, Arist.Oec. 1349b31, PSI3.204(ii A. D.).

7 put out, publish, of books, etc., chiefly in [voice] Pass.,

λόγος ὁ πρότερον ἐκδοθείς Isoc.5.11

, cf.Plb.2.37.6, Str.1.2.2;

τοῖς ἐκδεδομένοις λόγοις Arist. Po. 1454b18

:—in [voice] Act., Plu.Rom.8.

8 of a woman, bring to the birth, App.BC1.83.

9 of land, etc., return, yield, produce,

μέταλλα.. μονολίθους ἐκδιδόντα πλάκας Str.5.2.5

.

10 hand over, deliver a document,

ἀποχήν BGU260.6

(i A. D.), etc.:—[voice] Med., PFlor.384.113 (V A. D.).

11 betray, Hsch.

II intr., of rivers, empty themselves, disembogue, ἐς θάλασσαν, ἐς τὴν Σύρτιν, ἐς τὸν Μαίανδρον, etc., Hdt.1.80, 2.150, 7.26, etc.

2 τῶν ἄλλων [ ζῴων] τὰ μὲν εἰς ὀδόντας ἐκδίδωσι..τὰ δὲ εἰς κέρατα.. run to teeth, etc., Arist.Pr. 898a22; find an outlet, εἰς κεφαλήν ib.29.

3 emerge,

τὴν Ἀφροδίτην ἐκδοῦναι τῆς θαλάσσης Philostr.Im.2.1

(leg. - δῦναι).

καταλείπω (s. λείπω; Hom.+) alternate form καταλιμπάνω (LXX; TestIss 6:1; ApcEsdr 3:12 p. 27, 24 Tdf.) impf. κατέλειπον; fut. καταλείψω; 1 aor. κατέλειψα (Ac 6:2; Hs 8, 3, 5 v.l.; CPR I, 102; Jos., Bell. 1, 504, Ant. 10, 277); 2 aor. κατέλιπον (on the aor. forms s. B-D-F §75; W-S. §13, 10; Rob. 348; Helbing 90f; Thackeray 234; Dssm., NB 18 [BS 190]; Crönert 234, 6; KDieterich, Untersuchungen 1898, 238; Mayser 364); pf. καταλέλοιπα LXX. Pass.: fut. καταλειφθήσομαι LXX; 1 aor. κατελείφθην; pf. 3 sg. καταλέλειπται (LXX; JosAs 4:13), inf. καταλελεῖφθαι, ptc. καταλελειμμένος (W-S. §5, 13e) ‘leave behind’.

① to cause to be left in a place, leave (behind)

ⓐ of pers. τινά someone

α. by leaving a place (Diod S 1, 55, 4; 5, 51, 4; Da 10:13; ParJer 3:12; ApcMos 31; Just., D. 2, 3 al.) καταλείψει ἄνθρωπος τὸν πατέρα κτλ. Mt 19:5; Mk 10:7; Eph 5:31 (all three Gen 2:24); Mt 16:4; 21:17. κἀκείνους κατέλιπεν αὐτοῦ Ac 18:19. κατέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ, ἵνα Tit 1:5 v.l. (for ἀπολείπω). καταλείπω σε ἐν τῷ οἴκω μου GJs 9:3. ὁ Φῆλιξ κατέλιπεν τ. Παῦλον δεδεμένον Ac 24:27 (the ptc. as TestReub 3:14); cp. the pass. be left behind (Hippol., Ref. 7, 25, 2) 25:14.—Elsewh. the pass. has the mng. remain behind (X., An. 5, 6, 12) J 8:9. ἐν Ἀθήναις 1 Th 3:1.

β. by dying leave (behind) (Hom. et al.; oft. pap and LXX) γυναῖκα Mk 12:19. σπέρμα descendants vs. 21 (s. ἀφίημι 4). τέκνα (Dt 28:54; cp. Pr 20:7; Jos., Ant. 12, 235) Lk 20:31.

ⓑ of things leave (behind) (s. β above) πρόβατα ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ Lk 15:4. πάντα ἐπὶ τ. γῆς everything on land 5:11 D. Of a youth fleeing fr. the police καταλιπὼν τὴν σινδόνα Mk 14:52 (Aesop, Fab. 419 P.=196 H./301 H-H.: κατέλιπε τὸν ἑαυτοῦ χιτῶνα; Gen 39:12; TestJos 8:3; cp. Mk 10:50, s. PDickerson, JBL 116, ’97, 273–89).

② to depart from a place, with implication of finality, leave (Dio Chrys. 30 [47], 2 τ. πατρίδα; Just., D. 60, 2 τὰ ὑπὲρ οὐρανὸν πάντα) τὴν Ναζαρά Mt 4:13. Αἴγυπτον Hb 11:27. Fig. καταλείποντες εὐθεῖαν ὁδὸν ἐπλανήθησαν 2 Pt 2:15. κ. ὁδὸν τοῦ θεοῦ ὅλως ApcPt Bodl.— Leave someth. as it is, located in its own place, of an island καταλιπόντες αὐτὴν εὐώνυμον Ac 21:3.

③ to cease from some activity, leave to one side, give up of vice κακίαν 2 Cl 10:1 (ParJer 8:2 τὰ ἔργα τῆς Βαβυλῶνος). W. inf. foll. to denote purpose: leave off from τοῦ φυλάσσειν τὸν πύργον cease to guard the tower Hs 9, 5, 1 of young women who appeared to have ceased guarding a certain tower.

④ to cause someth. to remain in existence or be left over, leave over (Alex. Aphr., Fat. 28, II 2 p. 199, 8) τὰ θηρία … ἵνα μηδὲν καταλίπωσι τῶν τοῦ σώματός μου so that they don’t leave a piece of my body IRo 4:2. Pass. remain (Jos., Bell. 4, 338 σωτηρίας ἐλπίς; Iren. 1, 16, 1 [Harv. I 158, 12]; Hippol., Ref. 7, 31, 8), specif. in the sense be incomplete, unfinished, open (X., Cyr. 2, 3, 11 μάχη; PLond III, 1171, 43 [8 B.C.]) καταλειπομένη ἐπαγγελία a promise that is still open Hb 4:1.—Leave over; see to it that someth. is left (cp. Sir 24:33) κατέλιπον ἐμαυτῷ ἑπτακισχιλίους ἄνδρας I have kept 7,000 men for myself Ro 11:4 (3 Km 19:18; here as in the Hebr. the first pers.).

⑤ to leave someth. with design before departing, leave behind of an inheritance (Mel., P. 49, 347–79) Hv 3, 12, 2.

⑥ to cause to be left to one’s own resources, leave (behind)

ⓐ by desertion or abandonment leave behind, desert MPol 17:2 Christ (Sir 28:23 κύριον; Just., D. 8, 3 θεόν).

ⓑ leave without help τινά w. the inf. of result (not of purpose; s. B-D-F §392, 1f; Rob. 1090, and cp. Il. 17, 151) ἡ ἀδελφή μου μόνην με κατέλιπεν διακονεῖν my sister has left me without help, so that now I must serve alone Lk 10:40 (v.l. κατέλειπεν; for κ. ἐμὲ μόνον cp. Jos., Vi. 301).

⑦ to set someth. aside in the interest of someth. else, leave

ⓐ abandon ἀλήθειαν Hs 8, 9, 1.

ⓑ give up (e.g. schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 272–74 τὴν τέχνην give up one’s trade); lose (Petosiris, Fgm. 12 ln. 22 and 120 τὸν θρόνον) πάντα Lk 5:28; cp. 1 Cl 10:2; τὴν παροικίαν τ. κόσμου τούτου 2 Cl 5:1.

ⓒ set to one side, neglect (Ps.-X., Cyneg. 3, 10 τὰ αὑτῶν ἔργα; Dt 29:24 τ. διαθήκην; Jos., Ant. 8, 190 τ. τῶν πατρίων ἐθισμῶν φυλακήν; TestIss 6:1 τὴν ἁπλότητα) ἄμπελος ἐν φραγμῷ τινι καταλειφθεῖσα just as a vine left to itself on some fence Hs 9, 26, 4. τὸν λόγον τ. θεοῦ Ac 6:2.—DELG s.v. λίθος. M-M. TW.

ἐνδίδωμι,

A give in: hence,

I give into one's hands, give up to,

ἀσκὸν ἔνδος μοι E.Cyc. 510

(lyr.), etc.;

ἑαυτόν τινι Pl.R. 561b

, cf. Ar.Pl. 781 (v. l.);

τινὰ τοῖς πολεμίοις Pl.R. 567a

; ἐ. πόλιν surrender a city, esp. by treachery, Th.4.66, cf. X.HG7.4.14, etc.; τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις τὰ πράγματα ἐ. Th.7.48, cf. 2.65:—[voice] Pass.,

τῷ Ἱπποκράτει τὰ ἐν τοῖς Βοιωτοῖς ἐνεδίδοτο Id.4.89

: impers., οὐδὲν ἐνεδίδοτο ἀπὸ τῶν ἔνδον no sign of surrender was made, Arr.An.1.20.6.

2 put in, apply to,

ἅρμασι κέντρον E.HF 881

(lyr.).

3 hand in a report, ἐ. ἀναφοράν Mitteis Chr.68.2 (i A. D.).

4 [voice] Pass., to be interposed,

ἐνδοθεισῶν ὀλίγων ἡμερῶν Aët.13.121

.

II lend, afford, ἐνδιδόναι τινὶ Χερὸς στηρίγματα lend him a supporting hand, E.IA 617; ἐ. ἀφορμάς give an occasion, Id.Hec. 1239;

λαβήν Ar.Eq. 847

;

πρόφασίν τινι κακῷ γενέσθαι Th.2.87

, cf. D.18.158;

καιρόν Id.4.18

; ἐ. ὑποψίαν ὡς .. give ground for suspicion that.., Pl.Lg. 887e;

ἐλπίδας τινί τινος Plu.Alc.14

:—cause, excite,

λὺγξ σπασμὸν ἐνδιδοῦσα Th.2.49

; ποθήν, δίψαν, Aret.SA2.1, CA 1.10;

τάδε τῆς ψυχῆς τοῦ στομάχου -όντος εἶναι δεῖ τὴν πάθην Id.SD 2.6

.

III show, exhibit,

δικαιοσύνην καὶ πιστότητα ἐνέδωκαν, ἄχαρι δὲ οὐδέν Hdt.7.52

; μαλακὸν ἐνδιδόναι οὐδέν show no sign of flagging, Id.3.51, 105, Ar.Pl. 488;

ἢν δ' ἐνδιδῷ τι μαλθακόν E.Hel. 508

;

ἵνα σοὶ μηδὲν ἐνδοίην πικρόν Id.Andr. 225

.

IV grant, concede, εἰ δ' ἐνδιδοίης, ὥσπερ ἐνδίδως, λόγον ib. 965; ἐ. οὐδέν make no concession, Th. 2.12; ἐ. τι make a concession, ib.18;

ἐ. ὁποσονοῦν Id.4.37

;

κἂν παίζων τίς σοι ἐνδῷ ὁτιοῦν Pl.Grg. 499b

.

V intr., allow, permit,

ὅσον ἐνέδωκαν αἱ μοῖραι Hdt.1.91

; give in, give way, οὐ πρότερον ἐνέδοσαν ἢ .. Th.2.65; ὡς εἶδον αὐτοὺς ἐνδόντας ib.81; flag, fail,

ἐνδόντες τύχῃ παρεῖσαν αὑτούς E.Tr. 692

; τὸ ἐνδιδόν the weak spot, Luc.Anach.26; ἐ. τινί yield to..,

οἴκτῳ Th.3.37

;

ἀλλήλοις Id.4.44

;

τῇ τῶν πλειόνων γνώμῃ D.Prooem.34

;

τῇ διακρίσει Dam.Pr. 303

;

πρὸς ὕπνον Plu.Sull. 28

; ἐ. πρὸς τὰς διαλύσεις show an inclination towards.., Id.Flam. 9.

2 of ailments, abate, Aret.SA1.10; but ἢν τὸ οὖρον μὴ ἐνδῷ does not pass, Hp.Prog.19:—in S.OC 1076, Elmsl. restored ἐνδώσειν from Sch.

3 of elastic substances, give way, yield, οἰσοφάγος ἐ. Arist.PA 664a34; of the air, Id.Pr. 937b34; of trees, be flexible, Thphr. HP5.6.1; of the flanks and eyes, fall in, Arist.Pr. 876a37, cf. GA 747a16; of a corpse, decompose, Parth.31.2; of a funeral-pile, Thphr. HP9.3.3; ἐρείσματα ἐ. the props give way, Plb.5.100.5.

4 εἴσω ἐνδιδοῖ τὸ ἄλγος penetrates inwardly, Aret.CA1.10.

5 of a river, disembogue, empty itself, Hdt.3.117 codd., but prob. ἐσδ-; cf. ἐκδίδωμι.

VI give the key-note of a tune, strike up,

τοῖς ἵπποις τὸ ὀρχηστικὸν μέλος Arist.Fr. 583

: abs.,

ἡγεῖτο.. εῖς ἀνήρ, ὃς ἐνεδίδου τοῖς ἄλλοις τὰ τῆς ὀρχήσεως σχήματα D.H.7.72

, cf. Luc.Rh.Pr.13; τὰ ἐνδιδόμενα orders, words of command, Arr.Tact.31.6: metaph., give the key-note, of a speech, Arist.Rh. 1414b26; cf. ἐνδόσιμος (but ἐ. φωνήν cry aloud, LXXNu.14.1):

τοῖς μεθ' ἑαυτὸ τὴν γόνιμον ἐ. πρόοδον Procl.Inst. 152

.

τίθημι (Hom.+) and its by-form τιθέω (Hv 1, 1, 3 and 2, 1, 2 as historical present; B-D-F §321; s. Rob. 318); impf. 3 sg. ἐτίθει, 3 pl. ἐτίθεσαν Mk 6:56 and ἐτίθουν as v.l.; Ac 3:2; 4:35; Hv 3, 2, 7 (B-D-F §94, 1; Mlt-H. 202); fut. θήσω; 1 aor. ἔθηκα (B-D-F §95, 1; Rob. 308; 310); 2 aor. subj. θῶ, impv. 2 pl. θέτε, inf. θεῖναι, ptc. θείς; pf. τέθεικα.; plpf. ἐτεθείκει (Just., D. 78, 5). Mid.: fut. θήσομαι; 2 aor. ἐθέμην. Pass.: fut. 3 pl. τεθήσονται Jer 13:16; 1 aor. ἐτέθην; pf. τέθειμαι, ptc. τεθειμένος (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 130, 18 p. 401, 3 Jac.) J 19:41; Hs 9, 15, 4 (on the pf. s. B-D-F §97, 2). The middle is gener. not different in mng. fr. the act. (B-D-F §316, 1; s. Rob. 804f). The semantic boundaries of this multivalent verb are quite flexible.

① to put or place in a particular location, lay, put

ⓐ act. and pass.: gener.

α. w. acc. lay (away), set up, put (away) ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐτόν; where have you laid him? J 11:34 (as early as Hom. τιθέναι has the special sense lay away, bury); cp. Mk 16:6; J 19:42; 20:2, 13, 15. Pass. (ApcMos 42 ποῦ μέλλοι τεθῆναι τὸ σῶμα αὐτῆς) Mk 15:47; Lk 23:55. ὅπου ἦν τεθείς GPt 12:51. λίθον Ro 9:33 (Is 28:16 ἐμβαλῶ); 1 Pt 2:6; pass. B 6:2. θεμέλιον lay a foundation Lk 14:29; 1 Cor 3:10f (in imagery).—Of stones ἐξώτεροι ἐτέθησαν they were placed on the outside Hs 9, 8, 3; 5a (cp. c); 7. ἐν ἰσχύι τέθεικεν τὴν σάρκα αὐτοῦ κύριος the Lord (God) has set his (Christ’s) flesh in strength B 6:3a; cp. b (Is 50:7).

β. w. the acc., oft. supplied fr. the context, and a prepositional expr. closely related to the verb (Herodas 4, 34 τιθέναι εἰς τοὺς λίθους ζοήν [ sic]) εἰς κρύπτην put someth. in a cellar Lk 11:33. εἰς μνημεῖον lay in a tomb Ac 13:29; cp. Rv 11:9. Of stones τιθ. εἰς τ. οἰκοδομήν put into the building Hv 3, 2, 7. Pass. Hs 9, 4, 5; 9, 6, 8; cp. 9, 5, 4. Opp. ἐκ τῆς οἰκοδομῆς ἐτέθησαν they were put out of the building 9, 8, 1. ἔμπροσθέν τινος GPt 4:12. ἔν τινι (Gen 50:26; Jos., Ant. 14, 124; TestJob 20:9): ἐν μνημείῳ Mt 27:60; cp. Mk 6:29; 15:46; Lk 23:53; Ac 7:16. Pass. J 19:41.—Mk 6:56; Ac 9:37. ἐνώπιόν τινος (1 Km 10:25) Lk 5:18. ἐπί τινος (X., Cyr. 8, 8, 16; Ezk 40:2; JosAs 3:11; Jos., Ant. 6, 15) 8:16b; J 19:19; Ac 5:15; Rv 10:2; GPt 3:8; 6:21; 12:53. ἐπί τινι 8:32. ἐπί τι (Ps 20:4; 1 Km 6:8; TestAbr B 5 p. 109, 18 [Stone p. 66]; JosAs 16:11; ParJer 9:32; Mel., P. 14, 90) Mk 4:21b; Lk 6:48 (θεμέλιον; s. α above); 2 Cor 3:13. Esp. τὰς χεῖρας ἐπί τι or ἐπί τινα (cp. Ps 138:5) Mk 8:25 v.l.; 10:16: τὴν δεξιάν Rv 1:17. θήσω τὸ πνεῦμά μου ἐπʼ αὐτόν Mt 12:18 (=ἔδωκα Is 42:1; τ. τὸ πνεῦμα as Is 63:11). παρά τι (Plut., Mor. 176e; 3 Km 13:31) Ac 4:35, 37 v.l.; 5:2. πρός τι (JosAs 8:4 πρὸς τὸ στῆθος) 3:2; 4:37. ὑπό τι Mt 5:15; Mk 4:21; cp. 1 Cor 15:25 (s. 5aα). ὑποκάτω τινός (Jer 45:12) Lk 8:16a.—Mt 22:44 (Ps 109:1); Mk 12:36.

ⓑ special expressions

α. act. explain in what figure of speech can we present (the Reign of God)? (i.e., how shall I put it?) Mk 4:30.

β. act. take off, give up in Joh. lit. take off, remove τὰ ἱμάτια (Hdt 1, 10, 1 τ. τὰ εἵματα; cp. Herodas 5, 62; Plut., Alc. 195 [8, 2]; Jos., Bell. 1, 390 τ. τὸ διάδημα and s. ἱμάτιον 3) J 13:4. τὴν (ἑαυτοῦ) ψυχήν lay down or give (up) one’s life 10:11 and 15 (both v.l. δίδωμι), 17, 18ab (ApcSed 1:5 τὴν ψυχὴν θῇ ὑπὲρ τῶν φίλων; EFascher, Z. Auslegg. v. J 10:17, 18: Deutsche Theol. ’41, 37–66); 13:37f; 15:13; 1 J 3:16ab (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 68 §289 δεξιάς; SibOr 5, 157 τ. simply=δίδωμι).

γ. act. show deference to τιθέναι τὰ γόνατα (σοι γόνυ τίθημι γαίᾳ Eur., Troad. 1307; also in Lat.: genua ponere Ovid, Fasti 2, 438; Curt. 8, 7, 13; B-D-F §5, 3b) bend the knee, kneel down Mk 15:19; Lk 22:41; Ac 7:60; 9:40; 20:36; 21:5; Hv 1, 1, 3; 2, 1, 2.

δ. act. place before someone, serve (X., Mem. 3, 14, 1; JosAs 15:14 τράπεζαν καὶ ἄρτον Just., A I, 66, 4) οἶνον J 2:10 (Bel 11 Theod. οἶνον θές).

ε. act. and mid. have (in mind) θέτε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις w. inf. foll. make up (your) minds Lk 21:14. Mid. ἔθεντο ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῶν they kept in mind (the obj. acc. is supplied by the immediate context) Lk 1:66 (1 Km 21:13). The same expr.= come to think of someth., contrive someth. in one’s mind 21:14 v.l.; Ac 5:4. Likew. ἔθετο ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῷ πνεύματι w. inf. foll. Paul resolved 19:21. θέσθε εἰς τὰ ὦτα ὑμῶν τοὺς λόγους τούτους Lk 9:44.

ζ. act. and mid. effect someth., arrange for someth. τ. ἐπί τινος foll. by the acc. and inf. ordain by means of someone that … B 13:6.—τὸ μέρος αὐτοῦ μετὰ τῶν ὑποκριτῶν θήσει (μέρος 2) Mt 24:51; cp. Lk 12:46. Mid. w. acc. (GrBar 2:1 [of God]; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 106 §442 εὐχὰς τίθεσθαι=offer prayers) βουλήν reach a decision (βουλή 2a) Ac 27:12.

η. mid. put (in custody) τίθεσθαί τινα ἐν τηρήσει Ac 5:18; ἐν (τῇ) φυλακῇ (Gen 41:10; 42:17) Mt 14:3 v.l.; Ac 5:25; εἰς φυλακήν (PPetr II, 5a, 3 [III B.C.]) 12:4; εἰς τήρησιν (w. the acc. easily supplied) 4:3. ἐν σωτηρίῳ place in safety, cause to share salvation (w. acc. to be supplied) 1 Cl 15:6 (Ps 11:6).

θ. act. provide (an example) ὑπόδειγμά τινος τιθ. set up an example of someth. 2 Pt 2:6 (cp. Jos., Ant. 17, 313 παράδειγμα τῆς ἀρετῆς τιθέναι). Those persons are added, in the dat., to whose advantage or disadvantage the example is given: τιθέναι πρόσκομμα τῷ ἀδελφῷ Ro 14:13 (πρόσκομμα 2b). σκοπὸν τοῖς νέοις θήσομεν 2 Cl 19:1.

② act. to lay aside/deposit (money), put aside, store up, deposit a t.t. term of commercial life (Demosth. 52, 3 ἀργύριον al.; Hyperid. 5, 4; Theocr., Epigr. 14, 2; Plut., Mor. 829b; pap) opp. αἴρειν you withdraw what you did not deposit Lk 19:21; cp. vs. 22. ἕκαστος παρʼ ἑαυτῷ τιθέτω each one is to put aside at home 1 Cor 16:2.

③ to assign to some task or function, appoint, assign

ⓐ τιθέναι τινὰ εἴς τι place/appoint someone to or for ( to function as) someth. (for the construction cp. Ael. Aristid. 53 p. 636 D.: τοὺς οὐκ ὄντας νόμους εἰς νόμους τ.) τέθεικά σε εἰς φῶς ἐθνῶν Ac 13:47 (Is 49:6); pass.: εἰς ὸ̔ ἐτέθην ἐγὼ κῆρυξ 1 Ti 2:7; 2 Ti 1:11. Also τιθ. τινὰ ἵνα appoint someone to … J 15:16.

ⓑ mid. τίθεσθαι τινὰ εἴς τι appoint someone to or for someth. Dg 6:10. W. acc. easily supplied 1 Ti 1:12.

④ to bring about an arrangement

ⓐ establish, give, of a law (τιθέναι νόμον since Soph., El. 580; IAndrosIsis, Kyme 4; the mid. τίθεσθαι νόμον since Hdt. 1, 29. Both oft. in Pla.; likew. Diod S 5, 83, 5, where the act. as well as the mid. is used of law. The act. also EpArist 15; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 316, Ant. 16, 1; Ath. 34, 2. The mid. also Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 55 §228; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 269; 2, 273; Ar. 13, 7) only in the pass. (as Pla., Leg.; 4, 705d al.; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 184; Just., D. 11, 2; Ath. 33, 1) ὁ νόμος ἐτέθη Gal 3:19 D.

ⓑ mid. w. acc. fix, establish, set καιροὺς οὓς ὁ πατὴρ ἔθετο times which the Father has fixed Ac 1:7. θέμενος ἐν ἡμῖν τὸν λόγον τῆς καταλλαγῆς as he established among us the word of reconciliation (=entrusted to us … ; cp. Ps 104:27 ἔθετο ἐν αὐτοῖς τ. λόγους) 2 Cor 5:19. ὁ θεὸς ἔθετο τὰ μέλη God has arranged the parts of the body 1 Cor 12:18.

⑤ to cause to undergo a change in experience/condition, make, consign

ⓐ act. or pass., either w. a double acc. of the obj. and of the pred. (Hom.+; X., Cyr. 4, 6, 3; Lucian, Dial. Marin. 14, 2; Aelian, VH13, 6; Lev 26:31; Is 5:20; Wsd 10:21; Jos., Ant. 11, 39) or in the form τιθέναι τινὰ εἴ τι (cp. 3a).

α. make someone ὸ̔ν ἔθηκεν κληρονόμον πάντων Hb 1:2. πατέρα πολλῶν ἐθνῶν τέθεικά σε Ro 4:17 (Gen 17:5). ἕως ἂν θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν σου until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet (Ps 109:1): Mt 22:44 v.l.; Lk 20:43; Ac 2:35; Hb 1:13; the same quotation introduced with ἄχρι οὗ θῇ 1 Cor 15:25; pass. Hb 10:13 (on this expr. cp. Plut., Mor. 1097c [HAlmqvist, Pl. u. das NT ’46, 104]). Consign, act. εἰ κόλασιν 1 Cl 11:1; pass. of those who refuse to believe the word εἰ ὸ̔ καὶ ἐτέθησαν 1 Pt 2:8; of Paul’s obligation to accept his destiny at Rome εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ ἐτέθην AcPl Ha 7, 15. Cp. 3a.

β. make someth. (Mimnermus 1, 10 D.² cause someth. to become someth. [adj.]: ‘God has made old age vexatious’) ἀδάπανον θήσω τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 Cor 9:18.

ⓑ mid. w. a double acc. make someone someth. (Appian., Illyr. 13 §37 φίλον τίθεσθαί τινα; schol. on Pind., O. 1, 58b; 2 Macc 5:21; Ath. 12, 2. S. also Tyrtaeus [VII B.C.] 8, 5 D.³ of the man who is called upon to hate his own life [in battle]: ἀνὴρ ἐχθρὴν ψυχὴν θέμενος) Ac 20:28 (CClaereboets, Biblica 24, ’43, 370–87); 1 Cor 12:28. τίθεσθαι τινὰ εἲ τι consign someone to someth. ὀργήν 1 Th 5:9.—B. 832. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ἀφίημι (Hom.+) pres. act. ind. 2 sg. ἀφεῖς (Rob. 315; W-S. §14, 16; M-M.) and ἀφίεις (ApcSed 12:4 p. 135, 14 Ja.), 3 sg. ἀφίησιν (TestSim 3:2) and ἀφίει (TestJud 18:3); 1 pl. ἀφίομεν (ἀφίεμεν v.l.; B-D-F §94, 3) Lk 11:4; 3 pl. ἀφίουσιν Rv 11:9. Impf. 2 sg. ἠφίεις Sus 53 LXX, 3 sg. ἤφιε (B-D-F §69, 1); ptc. ἀφίοντες Hs 8, 6, 5. Fut. ἀφήσω. 1 aor. ἀφῆκα, 2 sg. ἀφῆκες Rv 2:4 (W-H.; B-D-F §83, 2); impv. ἄφησον ApcEsdr 1:3 p. 24, 8 Tdf.; 2 aor. impv. ἄφες (as אֲפֶס in rabb.), ἄφετε; subj. ἀφῶ, 2 pl. ἀφῆτε; inf. ἀφεῖναι Mt 23:23 v.l.; Lk 5:21; ptc. ἀφείς. Mid. aor. impv. 2 sg. ἄφησαι (TestAbr A 20 p. 102, 29 [Stone p. 52]). Pass.: pres. ἀφίεμαι, 3 pl. ἀφίονται Mt 9:2 D; fut. ἀφεθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἀφέθην, 3 sg. ἀφείθη Just. D. 141, 3; pf. 3 pl. ἀφέωνται Mt 9:2 v.l.; Mk 2:5 v.l.; Lk 5:20, 23; 7:48; J 20:23; 1J 2:12 (B-D-F §97, 3); impv. 3 sg. ἀφείσθω Ath. 2:4. Gener., to cause someone or someth. to undergo separation.

① to dismiss or release someone or someth. from a place or one’s presence

ⓐ w. personal obj. let go, send away (X., Cyr. 1, 2, 8; Polyb. 33, 1, 6; Tob 10:5; Sir 27:19; Jos., Ant. 16, 135 τ. ἐκκλησίαν) crowds Mt 13:36; Mk 4:36; 8:13 (mng. 3a is also prob.).

ⓑ w. impers. obj. give up, emit obj. τὸ πνεῦμα give up one’s spirit Mt 27:50 (cp. ἀ. τ. ψυχήν Hdt. 4, 190 and oft. in Gk. lit.; Gen 35:18; 1 Esdr 4:21; Jos., Ant. 1, 218; 14, 369 al.). φωνὴν μεγάλην utter a loud cry Mk 15:37 (φων. ἀ. Hdt. et al.; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 68 §279; Epict. 2, 22, 12 al.; Gen 45:2; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 34; Jos., Bell. 4, 170, Ant. 8, 325, Vi. 158).

ⓒ in a legal sense divorce γυναῖκα (Hdt. 5, 39) 1 Cor 7:11ff.—Lit.—LEpstein, Marriage Law in the Bible and the Talmud ’42; MHumbert, Le remariage à Rome ’72; CPréaux, in La Femme I, ’79, 161–65 [Hellen. period]; JMurphy-O’Connor, JBL 100, ’81, ’601–6; JMoiser, JSNT 18, ’83, 103–22.

② to release from legal or moral obligation or consequence, cancel, remit, pardon τὸ δάνειον the loan Mt 18:27 (OGI 90, 12; PGrenf I, 26, 9; Dt 15:2). ὀφειλήν a debt vs. 32 (cp. 1 Macc 15:8 πᾶν ὀφείλημα βασιλικὸν ἀ.). Also of remission of the guilt (debt) of sin (Hdt. 6, 30 ἀπῆκέ τʼ ἂν αὐτῷ τὴν αἰτίην; 8, 140, 2; Lysias 20, 34 ἀφιέντας τ. τῶν πατέρων ἁμαρτίας; Herodas 5, 26 ἄφες μοι τὴν ἁμαρτίην ταύτην; 38, 72f; 1 Macc 13:39.—In another construction Diod S 9, 31, 4 Κῦρος αὐτὸν ἀφίησι τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων=absolves him of his misdeeds), in OT and NT predom. in sense of divine forgiveness. W. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing: ὀφειλήματα remit, forgive debts (Appian, Ital. 9 §1 ἠφίει τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ χρήσταις τὰ ὀφλήματα) Mt 6:12a; cp. b (s. Sir 28:2 and ὡς 3aβ; FFensham, The Legal Background of Mt 6:12: NovT 4, ’60, 1f [Deut 15:2 LXX]; on the text FBurkitt, ‘As we have forgiven’ Mt 6:12: JTS 33, ’32, 253–55); forgive ἁμαρτίας (Ex 32:32; Num 14:19; Job 42:10 al.; Jos., Ant. 6, 92) Lk 11:4; 1J 1:9. παραπτώματα Mt 6:14f; Mk 11:25; vs. 26 v.l. Pass. (Lev 4:20; 19:22; Is 22:14; 33:24 al.) ἁμαρτίαι Lk 5:20, 23; 7:47b; 1J 2:12; 1 Cl 50:5; Hv 2, 2, 4; Hs 7:4; PtK 3 p. 15, 12; ἁμαρτήματα Mk 3:28 (s. GDalman, Jesus-Jeshua [Eng. tr. PLevertoff 1929], 195–97; JWilliams, NTS 12, ’65, 75–77); PtK 3 p. 15, 27; cp. Mt 12:31f. W. dat. of pers. only Mt 18:21, 35; Lk 17:3f; 23:34 (ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht, Exkurs: Lk 23:34, ’55). Pass. (Lev 4:26, 31, 35; Num 15:25f al.) Lk 12:10; Js 5:15.—J 20:23b (s. JMantey, JBL 58, ’39, 243–49 and HCadbury ibid. 251–54). W. impers. obj. only Mt 9:6; Mk 2:7, 10; Lk 5:21, 24; 7:49; J 20:23. Pass. Mt 9:2, 5; Mk 2:5, 9 (s. HBranscomb, JBL 53, ’34, 53–60; B-D-F §320); Lk 7:47f. ἀνομίαι Ro 4:7; 1 Cl 50:6 (both Ps 31:1). Abs. ἀφίετε 1 Cl 13:2.

③ to move away, w. implication of causing a separation, leave, depart from

ⓐ lit. of pers. or physical things as obj. (PGrenf I, 1, 16; BGU 814, 16; 18) Mt 4:11; 8:15; 26:44; Mk 1:20, 31; 12:12; Lk 4:39. The spirit left the possessed man 9:42 D; abandon (Soph., Phil. 486; Hyperid. 5, 32; X., Hell. 6, 4, 5) Mt 26:56; Mk 14:50.—W. impers. obj. (PFay 112, 13; Jer 12:7; Eccl 10:4; 1 Esdr 4:50): J 10:12; house Mk 13:34; cp. Mt 23:38; Lk 13:35 (Diod S 17, 41, 7: Apollo appears and explains that he would leave Tyre, which is doomed to destruction); Judaea J 4:3 (Jos., Ant. 2, 335 τ. Αἴγυπτον); the way Hv 3, 7, 1; everything Mt 19:27, 29; 10:28f; Lk 5:11; 18:28f.

ⓑ fig. of impers. obj. give up, abandon (Aeschyl., Prom. 317 ὀργάς; Arrian, Anab. 1, 10, 6; Jos., Ant. 9, 264 ἀ. τ. ἄρτι βίον) τὴν πρώτην ἀγάπην Rv 2:4; τ. φυσικὴν χρῆσιν Ro 1:27; leave (behind) to go on to someth. else (in orators; Plut., Mor. 793a; Epict. 4, 1, 15 al.) τὸν τῆς ἀρχῆς τοῦ Χρ. λόγον Hb 6:1; neglect (Diod S 1, 39, 11; POxy 1067, 5) also omit (Diod S 8, 12, 11) τὰ βαρύτερα τοῦ νόμου what is more important in the law Mt 23:23; τὴν ἐντολήν Mk 7:8 (Hyperid. 5, 22 νόμον).

④ to have someth. continue or remain in a place. Leave standing/lying (without concerning oneself further about it as, in a way, Diod S 5, 35, 3 a fire without putting it out) αὐτόν Mt 22:22; τὰ δίκτυα 4:20; Mk 1:18; ἐκεῖ τὸ δῶρον Mt 5:24; cp. 18:12; J 4:28; ἡμιθανῆ half dead Lk 10:30 (cp. Jdth 6:13).— Leave (behind) w. pers. obj. (2 Km 15:16; 3 Km 19:3; Tob 11:2) as orphans J 14:18 (Epict. 3, 24, 14; Jos., Ant. 12, 387). τινὰ μόνον 8:29; 16:32.—τινί τι ἀ. let someone have someth. (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 274 τ. υἱὸν ἄφες μοι) Mt 5:40. W. acc. only τέκνον, σπέρμα Mk 12:19ff; vs. 21 v.l. τινί τι leave, give (Eccl 2:18; Ps 16:14); Mt 22:25; εἰρήνην ἀφίημι ὑμῖν I leave you peace (cp. Diod S 25, 16 τὸν πόλεμον ἀφίημι=I leave [you] war) J 14:27; leave (over, remaining) (Da 4:15) Hb 2:8.—Pass. be left, remain (Da 4:26) οὐ μὴ ἀφεθῇ λίθος ἐπὶ λίθον not a stone will be left on another Mt 24:2; Mk 13:2; cp. Lk 21:6 (on the hyperbole cp. Reader, Polemo p. 338).

⑤ to convey a sense of distancing through an allowable margin of freedom, leave it to someone to do something, let, let go, allow, tolerate

ⓐ w. acc. (Arrian, Anab. 1, 25, 2; Himerius, Or. [Ecl.] 4, 1; 4 Km 4:27; PsSol 17:9) Mt 15:14; Mk 5:19; 11:6; 14:6; Lk 13:8; Ac 5:38. ἀφεῖς τ. γυναῖκα Ἰεζάβελ you tolerate the woman Jezebel Rv 2:20. ἐὰν ἀφῶμεν αὐτὸν οὕτως if we let him go on like this (i.e. doing miracles) J 11:48.—Related types of usage allow, let, permit, leave w. double acc. οὐκ ἀμάρτυρον αὐτὸν ἀφῆκεν God has not left himself without a witness Ac 14:17 (cp. Soph., Oed. Col. 1279 ἀ. τινὰ ἄτιμον; PFay 112, 13; POxy 494, 5f ἐλεύθερα ἀφίημι δοῦλά μου σώματα; 1 Macc 1:48). W. acc. and inf. (BGU 23, 7; POxy 121, 15; Ex 12:23; Num 22:13; PsSol 17:27) Mt 8:22; 13:30; 19:14; 23:13; Mk 1:34; 7:12, 27; 10:14; Lk 8:51; 9:60; 12:39; 18:16; J 11:44; 18:8; Rv 11:9; Hv 1, 3, 1; 3, 1, 8; Hs 9, 11, 6. W. ἵνα foll. Mk 11:16.

ⓑ The imperatives ἄφες, ἄφετε are used w. the subjunctive esp. in the first pers. (this is the source of Mod. Gk. ἄς; B-D-F §364, 1 and 2; Rob. 931f) ἄφες ἐκβάλω τὸ κάρφος let me take out the speck Mt 7:4; Lk 6:42 (cp. Epict. 4, 1, 132 ἄφες σκέψωμαι; POxy 413, 184 [II 1d] ἄφες ἐγὼ αὐτὸν θρηνήσω). ἄφες (ἄφετε) ἴδωμεν let us see Mt 27:49; Mk 15:36 (cp. Epict. 3, 12, 15 ἄφες ἴδω). It is also used w. the third pers. (Epict. 1, 15, 7 ἄφες ἀνθήσῃ). And w. ἵνα in a colloquially expressed sentence ἄφες αὐτήν, ἵνα τηρήσῃ αὐτό let her be, so that she can keep it for the day of my burial J 12:7. (The usage Epict. 4, 13, 19 ἄφες οὖν, ἵνα κἀγὼ ταὐτὰ ὑπολάβω is not strictly parallel, for the impv. is not followed by a pronoun. The rendering let her keep it [s. Mlt. 175f] treats ἄφες as an auxiliary. NRSV’s addition, ‘She bought it’, is unnecessary.) The second pers. is rare ἄφες ἴδῃς Hs 8, 1, 4 acc. to PMich. Abs. let it be so, let it go (Chariton 4, 3, 6) Mt 3:15; GEb 18, 40 (w. ὅτι foll.=‘for’).—B. 768; 839; 1174. DELG s.v. ἵημι. M-M. TW. Sv.

πνεῦμα, ατος, τό (πνέω; Aeschyl., Pre-Socr., Hdt.+. On the history of the word s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 308ff).

① air in movement, blowing, breathing (even the glowing exhalations of a volcanic crater: Diod S 5, 7, 3)

ⓐ wind (Aeschyl. et al.; LXX, EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 343; 349; SibOr 8, 297) in wordplay τὸ πνεῦμα πνεῖ the wind blows J 3:8a (EpJer 60 πνεῦμα ἐν πάσῃ χώρᾳ πνεῖ. But s. TDonn, ET 66, ’54f, 32; JThomas, Restoration Qtrly 24, ’81, 219–24). ὀθόνη πλοίου ὑπὸ πνεύματος πληρουμένη MPol 15:2. Of God ὁ ποιῶν τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ πνεύματα who makes his angels winds Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both Ps 103:4).

ⓑ the breathing out of air, blowing, breath (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Tim. 79b; LXX) ὁ ἄνομος, ὅν ὁ κύριος Ἰησοῦς ἀνελεῖ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ 2 Th 2:8 (cp. Is 11:4; Ps 32:6).

② that which animates or gives life to the body, breath, (life-)spirit (Aeschyl. et al.; Phoenix of Colophon 1, 16 [Coll. Alex. p. 231] πν.=a breathing entity [in contrast to becoming earth in death]; Polyb. 31, 10, 4; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 394b, 8ff; PHib 5, 54 [III B.C.]; PGM 4, 538; 658; 2499; LXX; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 19 [Stone p. 44] al.; JosAs 19:3; SibOr 4, 46; Tat. 4:2) ἀφιέναι τὸ πνεῦμα give up one’s spirit, breathe one’s last (Eur., Hec. 571; Porphyr., Vi. Plotini 2) Mt 27:50. J says for this παραδιδόναι τὸ πν. 19:3 (cp. ApcMos 31 ἀποδῶ τὸ πν.; Just., D. 105, 5). Of the return of the (life-)spirit of a deceased person into her dead body ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ πν. αὐτῆς Lk 8:55 (cp. Jdg 15:19). εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πν. μου into your hands I entrust my spirit 23:46 (Ps 30:6; for alleged focus on ἐλπίζειν s. EBons, BZ 38, ’94, 93–101). κύριε Ἰησοῦ, δέξαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου Ac 7:59; composite of both passages AcPl Ha 10, 23 (cp. ApcMos 42). τὸ πν. μου ὁ δεσπότης δέξεται GJs 23:3 (on the pneuma flying upward after death cp. Epicharm. in Vorsokrat. 23 [=13, 4th ed.], B 9 and 22; Eur., Suppl. 533 πνεῦμα μὲν πρὸς αἰθέρα, τὸ σῶμα δʼ ἐς γῆν; PGM 1, 177ff τελευτήσαντός σου τὸ σῶμα περιστελεῖ, σοῦ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα … εἰς ἀέρα ἄξει σὺν αὑτῷ ‘when you are dead [the angel] will wrap your body … and take your spirit with him into the sky’). τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πν. νεκρόν ἐστιν Js 2:26. πν. ζωῆς ἐκ τ. θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν ἐν αὐτοῖς (i.e. the prophet-witnesses who have been martyred) Rv 11:11 (cp. Ezk 37:10 v.l. εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτοὺς πνεῦμα ζωῆς; vs. 5). Of the spirit that animated the image of a beast, and enabled it to speak and to have Christians put to death 13:15.—After a person’s death, the πν. lives on as an independent being, in heaven πνεύματα δικαὶων τετελειωμένων Hb 12:23 (cp. Da 3:86 εὐλογεῖτε, πνεύματα καὶ ψυχαὶ δικαίων, τὸν κύριον). According to non-biblical sources, the πν. are in the netherworld (cp. En 22:3–13; Sib Or 7, 127) or in the air (PGM 1, 178), where evil spirits can prevent them from ascending higher (s. ἀήρ2b). τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν 1 Pt 3:19 belongs here if it refers to Jesus’ preaching to the spirits of the dead confined in Hades (so Usteri et al.; s. also JMcCulloch, The Harrowing of Hell, 1930), whether it be when he descended into Hades, or when he returned to heaven (so RBultmann, Bekenntnis u. Liedfragmente im 1 Pt: ConNeot11, ’47, 1–14).—CClemen, Niedergefahren zu den Toten 1900; JTurmel, La Descente du Christ aux enfers 1905; JMonnier, La Descente aux enfers 1906; HHoltzmann, ARW 11, 1908, 285–97; KGschwind, Die Niederfahrt Christi in die Unterwelt 1911; DPlooij, De Descensus in 1 Pt 3:19 en 4:6: TT 47, 1913, 145–62; JBernard, The Descent into Hades a Christian Baptism (on 1 Pt 3:19ff): Exp. 8th ser., 11, 1916, 241–74; CSchmidt, Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern: TU 43, 1919, 452ff; JFrings, BZ 17, 1926, 75–88; JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32; RGanschinietz, Katabasis: Pauly-W. X/2, 1919, 2359–449; Clemen² 89–96; WBieder, Die Vorstellung v. d. Höllenfahrt Jesu Chr. ’49; SJohnson, JBL 79, ’60, 48–51; WDalton, Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits ’65. S. also the lit. in Windisch, Hdb.² 1930, exc. on 1 Pt 3:20; ESelwyn, The First Ep. of St. Peter ’46 and 4c below.—This is prob. also the place for θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκὶ ζωοποιηθεὶς δὲ πνεύματι• ἐν ᾧ καὶ … 1 Pt 3:18f (some mss. read πνεύματι instead of πνεύμασιν in vs. 19, evidently in ref. to the manner of Jesus’ movement; πνεῦμα is that part of Christ which, in contrast to σάρξ, did not pass away in death, but survived as an individual entity after death; s. ἐν 7). Likew. the contrast κατὰ σάρκα … κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 1:3f. Cp. 1 Ti 3:16.

③ a part of human personality, spirit

ⓐ when used with σάρξ, the flesh, it denotes the immaterial part 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5. Flesh and spirit=the whole personality, in its outer and inner aspects, oft. in Ign.: IMg 1:2; 13:1a; ITr ins; 12:1; IRo ins; ISm 1:1; IPol 5:1; AcPl Ant 13, 18 (=Aa I 237, 3).—In the same sense beside σῶμα, the body (Simplicius, In Epict. p. 50, 1; Ps.-Phoc. 106f; PGM 1, 178) 1 Cor 5:3–5; 7:34.—The inner life of humans is divided into ψυχὴ καὶ πνεῦμα (cp. Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 10 p. 370c τὶ θεῖον ὄντως ἐνῆν πνεῦμα τῇ ψυχῇ=a divine spirit was actually in the soul; Wsd 15:11; Jos., Ant. 1, 34; Tat. 13, 2; 15, 1 et al.; Ath. 27, 1. S. also Herm. Wr. 10, 13; 16f; PGM 4, 627; 630. ἐκ τριῶν συνεστάναι λέγουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος καὶ πνεύματος Did., Gen. 55, 14) Hb 4:12. Cp. Phil 1:27. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα 1 Th 5:23 (s. GMilligan, Thess. 1908, 78f; EvDobschütz in Meyer X⁷ 1909, 230ff; EBurton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh 1918; AFestugière, La Trichotomie des 1 Th 5:23 et la Philos. gr.: RSR 20, 1930, 385–415; CMasson, RTP 33, ’45, 97–102; FGrant, An Introd. to NT Thought ’50, 161–66). σαρκί, ψυχῇ, πνεύματι IPhld 11:2.

ⓑ as the source and seat of insight, feeling, and will, gener. as the representative part of human inner life (cp. PGM 4, 627; 3 Km 20:5; Sir 9:9 al.; Just., D. 30, 1; Did., Gen. 232, 5) ἐπιγνοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ Mk 2:8. ἀναστενάξας τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ λέγει 8:12 (s. ἀναστενάζω). ἠγαλλίασεν τὸ πν. μου Lk 1:47 (in parallelism w. ψυχή vs. 46, as Sir 9:9). ἠγαλλιάσατο τῷ πν. 10:21 v.l., Ἰησοῦς ἐνεβριμήσατο τῷ πν. J 11:33 (s. ἐμβριμάομαι 3); Ἰης. ἐταράχθη τῷ πν. 13:21. παρωξύνετο τὸ πν. αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ Ac 17:16; ζέων τῷ πν. with spirit-fervor 18:25 (s. ζέω). τὸ παιδίον ἐκραταιοῦτο πνεύματι Lk 1:80; 2:40 v.l.; ἔθετο ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῷ πν. Paul made up his mind Ac 19:21 (some would put this pass. in 6c, but cp. Lk 1:66 and analogous formulations Hom. et al. in L-S-J-M s.v. τίθημι A6). προσκυνήσουσιν τῷ πατρὶ ἐν πνεύματι of the spiritual, i.e. the pure, inner worship of God, that has nothing to do w. holy times, places, appurtenances, or ceremonies J 4:23; cp. vs. 24b. πν. συντετριμμένον (Ps 50:19) 1 Cl 18:17; 52:4.—2 Cl 20:4; Hv 3, 12, 2; 3, 13, 2.—This usage is also found in Paul. His conviction (s. 5 below) that the Christian possesses the (divine) πνεῦμα and thus is different fr. all other people, leads him to choose this word in preference to others, in order to characterize a believer’s inner being gener. ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πν. μου Ro 1:9. οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πν. μου 2 Cor 2:13. Cp. 7:13. As a matter of fact, it can mean simply a person’s very self or ego: τὸ πνεῦμα συμμαρτυρεῖ τῷ πνεύματι ἡμῶν the Spirit (of God) bears witness to our very self Ro 8:16 (cp. PGM 12, 327 ἠκούσθη μου τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπὸ πνεύματος οὐρανοῦ). ἀνέπαυσαν τὸ ἐμὸν πν. καὶ τὸ ὑμῶν they have refreshed both me and you 1 Cor 16:18. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. μετά τοῦ πν. (ὑμῶν) Gal 6:18; Phil 4:23; Phlm 25. Cp. 2 Ti 4:22. Likew. in Ign. τὸ ἐμὸν πν. my (unworthy) self IEph 18:1; IRo 9:3; cp. 1 Cor 2:11a—On the relation of the divine Spirit to the believer’s spiritual self, s. SWollenweider, Der Geist Gottes als Selbst der Glaubenden: ZTK 93, ’96, 163–92.—Only a part of the inner life, i.e. that which concerns the will, is meant in τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. That which is inferior, anxiety, fear of suffering, etc. is attributed to the σάρξ.—The mng. of the expr. οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3 is difficult to determine w. certainty (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a πένης ἀνὴρ τὴν ψυχήν. The dat. as τῇ ψυχῇ M. Ant. 6, 52; 8, 51). The sense is prob. those who are poor in their inner life, because they do not have a misdirected pride in their own spiritual riches (s. AKlöpper, Über den Sinn u. die ursprgl. Form der ersten Seligpreisung der Bergpredigt bei Mt: ZWT 37, 1894, 175–91; RKabisch, Die erste Seligpreisung: StKr 69, 1896, 195–215; KKöhler, Die ursprgl. Form der Seligpreisungen: StKr 91, 1918, 157–92; JBoehmer, De Schatkamer 17, 1923, 11–16, TT [Copenhagen] 4, 1924, 195–207, JBL 45, 1926, 298–304; WMacgregor, ET 39, 1928, 293–97; VMacchioro, JR 12, ’32, 40–49; EEvans, Theology 47, ’44, 55–60; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 134ff; Betz, SM 116 n. 178 for Qumran reff.).

ⓒ spiritual state, state of mind, disposition ἐν ἀγάπῃ πνεύματί τε πραΰτητος with love and a gentle spirit 1 Cor 4:21; cp. Gal 6:1. τὸ πν. τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν Eph 4:23 (s. νοῦς 2a). ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος with the imperishable (gift) of a quiet disposition 1 Pt 3:4.

④ an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses, spirit (ELangton, Good and Evil Spirits ’42).

ⓐ God personally: πνεῦμα ὁ θεός J 4:24a (Ath. 16, 2; on God as a spirit, esp. in the Stoa, s. MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48/49. Hdb. ad loc. Also Celsus 6, 71 [Stoic]; Herm. Wr. 18, 3 ἀκάματον μέν ἐστι πνεῦμα ὁ θεός).

ⓑ good, or at least not expressly evil spirits or spirit-beings (cp. CIG III, 5858b δαίμονες καὶ πνεύματα; Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 69, 6; 12 Pasqu.; En 15:4; 6; 8; 10; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 15f [Stone p. 10, 15f] πάντα τὰ ἐπουράνια πνεύματα; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82] ὑψηλὸν πν.; PGM 3, 8 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, ἱερὸν πνεῦμα; 4, 1448; 3080; 12, 249) πνεῦμα w. ἄγγελος (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 108; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 33; 8, 12) Ac 23:8f. God is ὁ παντὸς πνεύματος κτίστης καὶ ἐπίσκοπος 1 Cl 59:3b.—Pl., God the μόνος εὐεργέτης πνεύματων 1 Cl 59:3a. Cp. 64 (s. on this Num 16:22; 27:16. Prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia [Dssm., LO 351–55=LAE 423ff=SIG 1181, 2] τὸν θεὸν τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων; PGM 5, 467 θεὸς θεῶν, ὁ κύριος τῶν πν.; sim. the magic pap PWarr 21, 24; 26 [III A.D.]); the πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9. Intermediary beings (in polytheistic terminology: δαίμονες) that serve God are called λειτουργικὰ πνεύματα Hb 1:14. In Rv we read of the ἑπτὰ πνεύματα (τοῦ θεοῦ) 1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6; s. ASkrinjar, Biblica 16, ’35, 1–24; 113–40.— Ghost Lk 24:37, 39.

ⓒ evil spirits (PGM 13, 798; 36, 160; TestJob 27, 2; ApcSed [both Satan]; AscIs 3:28; Just., D. 39, 6 al.; Ath. 25, 3), esp. in accounts of healing in the Synoptics: (τὸ) πνεῦμα (τὸ) ἀκάθαρτον (Just., D. 82, 3) Mt 12:43; Mk 1:23, 26; 3:30; 5:2, 8; 7:25; 9:25a; Lk 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Rv 18:2. Pl. (TestBenj 5:2) Mt 10:1; Mk 1:27; 3:11; 5:13; 6:7; Lk 4:36; 6:18; Ac 5:16; 8:7; Rv 16:13; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.—τὸ πν. τὸ πονηρόν Ac 19:15f. Pl. (En 99:7; TestSim 4:9; 6:6, TestJud 16:1; Just., D. 76, 6) Lk 7:21; 8:2; Ac 19:12f.—πν. ἄλαλον Mk 9:17; cp. vs. 25b (s. ἄλαλος). πν. πύθων Ac 16:16 (s. πύθων). πν. ἀσθενείας Lk 13:11. Cp. 1 Ti 4:1b. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου (s. δαιμόνιον 2) Lk 4:33. πνεύματα δαιμονίων Rv 16:14 (in effect = personified ‘exhalations’ of evil powers; for the combination of πν. and δαιμ. cp. the love spell Sb 4324, 16f τὰ πνεύματα τῶν δαιμόνων τούτων).—Abs. of a harmful spirit Mk 9:20; Lk 9:39; Ac 16:18. Pl. Mt 8:16; 12:45; Lk 10:20; 11:26.—1 Pt 3:19 (s. 2 above) belongs here if the πνεύματα refer to hostile spirit-powers, evil spirits, fallen angels (so FSpitta, Christi Predigt an die Geister 1890; HGunkel, Zum religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 72f; WBousset, ZNW 19, 1920, 50–66; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919, 25ff; Knopf, Windisch, FHauck ad loc.; BReicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism ’46, esp. 54–56, 69).—Hermas also has the concept of evil spirits that lead an independent existence, and live and reign within the inner life of a pers.; the Holy Spirit, who also lives or would like to live there, is forced out by them (cp. TestDan 4) Hm 5, 1, 2–4; 5, 2, 5–8; 10, 1, 2. τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον … ἕτερον πονηρὸν πν. 5, 1, 2. These πνεύματα are ὀξυχολία 5, 1, 3; 5, 2, 8 (τὸ πονηρότατον πν.); 10, 1, 2; διψυχία 9:11 (ἐπίγειον πν. ἐστι παρὰ τοῦ διαβόλου); 10, 1, 2; λύπη 10, 1, 2 (πάντων τῶν πνευμάτων πονηροτέρα) and other vices. On the complicated pneuma-concept of the Mandates of Hermas s. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hm 5, 2, 7; cp. Leutzsch, Hermas 453f n. 133.

⑤ God’s being as controlling influence, with focus on association with humans, Spirit, spirit as that which differentiates God fr. everything that is not God, as the divine power that produces all divine existence, as the divine element in which all divine life is carried on, as the bearer of every application of the divine will. All those who belong to God possess or receive this spirit and hence have a share in God’s life. This spirit also serves to distinguish Christians fr. all unbelievers (cp. PGM 4, 1121ff, where the spirit is greeted as one who enters devotees and, in accordance w. God’s will, separates them fr. themselves, i.e. fr. the purely human part of their nature); for this latter aspect s. esp. 6 below.

ⓐ the Spirit of God, of the Lord (=God) etc. (LXX; TestSim 4:4; JosAs 8:11; ApcSed 14:6; 15:6; ApcMos 43; SibOr 3, 701; Ps.-Phoc. 106; Philo; Joseph. [s. c below]; apolog. Cp. Plut., Numa 4, 6 πνεῦμα θεοῦ, capable of begetting children; s. παρθένος a) τὸ πν. τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:11b, 14; 3:16; 6:11; 1J 4:2a (Just., D. 49, 3; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 22, 3). τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πν. 1 Pt 4:14 (Just., A I, 60, 6). τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12b. τὸ πν. κυρίου Ac 5:9; B 6:14; B 9:2 (cp. Mel., P. 32, 222). τὸ πνεῦμά μου or αὐτοῦ: Mt 12:18 (Is 42:1); Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f.—Cp. 1QS 4:21); 1 Cor 2:10a v.l.; Eph 3:16; 1 Th 4:8 (where τὸ ἅγιον is added); 1J 4:13.—τὸ πν. τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν Mt 10:20. τὸ πν. τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ro 8:11a.—Without the art. πν. θεοῦ (JosAs 4:9; Tat. 15:3; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 18]) the Spirit of God Mt 3:16; 12:28; Ro 8:9b, 14, 19; 1 Cor 7:40; 12:3a; 2 Cor 3:3 (πν. θεοῦ ζῶντος); Phil 3:3. πν. κυρίου Lk 4:18 (Is 61:1); Ac 8:39 (like J 3:8; 20:22; Ac 2:4, this pass. belongs on the borderline betw. the mngs. ‘wind’ and ‘spirit’; cp. Diod S 3, 60, 3 Ἕσπερον ἐξαίφνης ὑπὸ πνευμάτων συναρπαγέντα μεγάλων ἄφαντον γενέσθαι ‘Hesperus [a son of Atlas] was suddenly snatched by strong winds and vanished fr. sight’. S. HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919, 19ff; OCullmann, TZ. 4, ’48, 364); 1 Cl 21:2.

ⓑ the Spirit of Christ, of the Lord (=Christ) etc. τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ Ac 16:7. τὸ πν. Χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:32. τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς πν. Χριστοῦ 1 Pt 1:11. πν. Χριστοῦ Ro 8:9c. πν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ AcPl Ha 8, 18. ἀπὸ τοῦ πν. τοῦ χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:10. τὸ πν. Ἰης. Χριστοῦ Phil 1:19. τὸ πν. κυρίου 2 Cor 3:17b (JHermann, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61). τὸ πν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ (=θεοῦ) Gal 4:6. As possessor of the divine Spirit, and at the same time controlling its distribution among humans, Christ is called κύριος πνεύματος Lord of the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18 (s. Windisch ad loc.); but many prefer to transl. from the Lord who is the Spirit.—CMoule, OCullmann Festschr., ’72, 231–37.

ⓒ Because of its heavenly origin and nature this Spirit is called (the) Holy Spirit (cp. PGM 4, 510 ἵνα πνεύσῃ ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸ ἱερὸν πνεῦμα.—Neither Philo nor Josephus called the Spirit πν. ἅγιον; the former used θεῖον or θεοῦ πν., the latter πν. θεῖον: Ant. 4, 118; 8, 408; 10, 239; but ἅγιον πνεῦμα Orig. C. Cels 1, 40, 16).

α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον (Is 63:10f; Ps 50:13; 142:10 v.l.; cp. Sus 45 Theod.; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 10 [Stone p. 10]; JosAs 8:11 [codd. ADE]; AscIs 3, 15, 26; Just., D. 36, 6 al.) Mt 12:32 = Mk 3:29 = Lk 12:10 (τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα; on the ‘sin against the Holy Spirit’ s. HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 96–112; AFridrichsen, Le péché contre le Saint-Esprit: RHPR 3, 1923, 367–72). Mk 12:36; 13:11; Lk 2:26; 3:22; 10:21; J 14:26; Ac 1:16; 2:33; 5:3, 32; 7:51; 8:18 v.l.; 10:44, 47; 11:15; 13:2; 15:8, 28; 19:6; 20:23, 28; 21:11; 28:25; Eph 1:13 (τὸ πν. τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τὸ ἅγιον); 4:30 (τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ); Hb 3:7; 9:8; 10:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 16:2; 18:11 (Ps 50:13); 22:1; IEph 9:1; Hs 5, 5, 2; 5, 6, 5–7 (on the relationship of the Holy Spirit to the Son in Hermas s. ALink, Christi Person u. Werk im Hirten des Hermas 1886; JvWalter, ZNW 14, 1913, 133–44; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. following Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 572–76).—τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα (Wsd 9:17; OdeSol 11:2; TestJob 51:2; ApcEsdr 7:16; Just. D. 25, 1 al.) Mt 28:19; Lk 12:10 (s. above), 12; Ac 1:8; 2:38 (epexegetic gen.); 4:31; 9:31; 10:45; 13:4; 16:6; 1 Cor 6:19; 2 Cor 13:13; 1J 5:7 v.l. (on the Comma Johanneum s. λόγο 3); GJs 24:4 (s. χρηματίζω 1bα). As the mother of Jesus GHb 20, 61 (HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 64ff; SHirsch, D. Vorstellg. v. e. weibl. πνεῦμα ἅγ. im NT u. in d. ältesten christl. Lit. 1927. Also WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 9ff).

β. without the art. (s. B-D-F §257, 2; Rob. 761; 795) πνεῦμα ἅγιον (PGM 3, 289; Da 5:12 LXX; PsSol 17:37; AssMos Fgm. b; Just., D. 4, 1 al.; Ath. 24, 1. S. also Da Theod. 4:8, 9, 18 θεοῦ πνεῦμα ἅγιον or πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἅγιον) Mk 1:8; Lk 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25; 4:1; 11:13; J 20:22 (Cassien, La pentecôte johannique [J 20:19–23] ’39.—See also 1QS 4:20f); Ac 2:4a; 4:8; 7:55; 8:15, 17, 19; 9:17; 10:38; 11:24; 13:9; 19:2ab; Hb 2:4; 6:4; 1 Pt 1:12 v.l.; 1 Cl 2:2; AcPl 6:18; 9:4 (restored after Aa I 110, 11); AcPlCor 2:5.—So oft. in combination w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου Ac 1:2; 4:25; Ro 5:5; 2 Ti 1:14; 1 Cl 8:1 (cp. διὰ πν. αἰωνίου Hb 9:14). διὰ φωνῆς πν. ἁγίου AcPl Ha 11, 6. ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου (Eus., PE 3, 12, 3 of the Egyptians: ἐκ τ. πνεύματος οἴονται συλλαμβάνειν τὸν γῦπα. Here πνεῦμα= ‘wind’; s. Horapollo 1, 11 p. 14f. The same of other birds since Aristot.—On the neut. πνεῦμα as a masc. principle cp. Aristoxenus, Fgm. 13 of the two original principles: πατέρα μὲν φῶς, μητέρα δὲ σκότος) Mt 1:18, 20; IEph 18:2; GJs 14:2; 19:1 (pap). ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (PsSol 17:37; ApcZeph; Ar. 15, 1) Mt 3:11; Mk 1:8 v.l.; Lk 3:16; J 1:33b; Ac 1:5 (cp. 1QS 3:7f); 11:16; Ro 9:1; 14:17; 15:16; 1 Cor 12:3b; 2 Cor 6:6; 1 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 1:12 (without ἐν v.l.); Jd 20. ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου 2 Pt 1:21. Cp. ἐν δυνάμει πνεύματος ἁγίου Ro 15:13, 19 v.l. (for πνεύματος θεοῦ). μετὰ χαρᾶς πνεύματος ἁγίου 1 Th 1:6. διὰ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου Tit 3:5.

ⓓ abs.

α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα. In this connection the art. is perh. used anaphorically at times, w. the second mention of a word (s. B-D-F §252; Rob. 762); perh. Mt 12:31 (looking back to vs. 28 πν. θεοῦ); Mk 1:10, 12 (cp. vs. 8 πν. ἅγιον); Lk 4:1b, 14 (cp. vs. 1a); Ac 2:4b (cp. vs. 4a).—As a rule it is not possible to assume that anaphora is present: Mt 4:1; J 1:32, 33a; 3:6a, 8b (in wordplay), 34; 7:39a; Ac 8:29; 10:19; 11:12, 28; 19:1 D; 20:3 D, 22; 21:4; Ro 8:23 (ἀπαρχή 1bβ; 2), 26a, 27; 12:11; 15:30; 2 Cor 1:22 and 5:5 (KErlemann, ZNW 83, ’92, 202–23, and s. ἀρραβών); 12:18 (τῷ αὐτῷ πν.); Gal 3:2, 5, 14 (ἐπαγγελία 1bβ); Eph 4:3 (gen. of the author); 6:17 (perh. epexegetic gen.); 1 Ti 4:1a; Js 4:5; 1J 3:24; 5:6ab (some mss. add καὶ πνεύματος to the words διʼ ὕδατος κ. αἵματος at the beg. of the verse; this is approved by HvSoden, Moffatt, Vogels, Merk, and w. reservations by CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46, TManson, JTS 48, ’47, 25–33), vs. 8; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 14:13; 22:17; B 19:2, B 7= D 4:10 (s. ἐτοιμάζω b). ἐν τῷ πνεύματι (led) by the Spirit Lk 2:27.—Paul links this Spirit of God, known to every Christian, with Christ as liberating agent in contrast to legal constraint ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμα ἐστιν the Lord means Spirit 2 Cor 3:17a (UHolzmeister, 2 Cor 3:17 Dominus autem Spiritus est 1908; JNisius, Zur Erklärung v. 2 Cor 3:16ff: ZKT 40, 1916, 617–75; JKögel, Ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν: ASchlatter Festschr. 1922, 35–46; C Guignebert, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. II 1928, 7–22; EFuchs, Christus u. d. Geist b. Pls ’32; HHughes, ET 45, ’34, 235f; CLattey, Verb. Dom. 20, ’40, 187–89; DGriffiths ET 55, ’43, 81–83; HIngo, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61 [Paul]; JDunn, JTS 21, ’70, 309–20).

β. without the art. πνεῦμα B 1:3. κοινωνία πνεύματος Phil 2:1 (κοινωνία 1 and 2). πνεύματι in the Spirit or through the Spirit Gal 3:3; 5:5, 16, 18; 1 Pt 4:6. εἰ ζῶμεν πνεύματι, πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν if we live by the Spirit, let us also walk by the Spirit Gal 5:25. Freq. used w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος 1 Pt 1:22 v.l. ἐξ (ὕδατος καὶ) πνεύματος J 3:5. ἐν πνεύματι in, by, through the Spirit Mt 22:43; Eph 2:22; 3:5; 5:18; 6:18; Col 1:8 (ἀγάπη ἐν πνεύματι love called forth by the Spirit); B 9:7. κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4f; Gal 4:29. ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος 2 Th 2:13; 1 Pt 1:2 (s. ἁγιασμός).—In neg. expressions: οὔπω ἧν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39b. ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες worldly people, who do not have the Spirit Jd 19.—ἓν πνεῦμα one and the same Spirit 1 Cor 12:13; Eph 2:18; 4:4; one (in) Spirit 1 Cor 6:17.

ⓔ The Spirit is more closely defined by a gen. of thing: τὸ πν. τῆς ἀληθείας (TestJud 20:5) J 14:17; 15:26; 16:13 (in these three places the Spirit of Truth is the Paraclete promised by Jesus upon his departure); 1J 4:6 (opp. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης, as TestJud 20:1; PsSol 8:14 πλ. πλανήσεως; Just., D. 7, 3 πλάνου καὶ ἀκαθάρτου πνεύματος; cp. 1QS 4:23); τὸ τῆς δόξης πν. 1 Pt 4:14. τὸ πν. τῆς ζωῆς the Spirit of life Ro 8:2. το πν. τῆς πίστεως 2 Cor 4:13. πν. σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως Eph 1:17 (cp. Just., D. 87, 4). πν. υἱοθεσίας Ro 8:15b (opp. πν. δουλείας vs. 15a). πν. δυνάμεως AcPl Ha 8, 25. πν. δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ 2 Ti 1:7 (opp. πν. δειλίας). τὸ πν. τῆς χάριτος (s. TestJud 24:2) Hb 10:29 (Zech 12:10); cp. 1 Cl 46:6.

ⓕ Of Christ ‘it is written’ in Scripture: (ἐγένετο) ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδὰμ εἰς πνεῦμα ζῳοποιοῦν 1 Cor 15:45. The scripture pass. upon which the first part of this verse is based is Gen 2:7, where Wsd 15:11 also substitutes the words πνεῦμα ζωτικόν for πνοὴν ζωῆς (cp. Just., D. 6, 2). On the other hand, s. Philo, Leg. All. 1, 42 and s. the lit. s.v. Ἀδάμ ad loc.

ⓖ The (divine) Pneuma stands in contrast to everything that characterizes this age or the finite world gener.: οὐ τὸ πν. τοῦ κόσμου ἀλλὰ τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12; cp. Eph 2:2 and 1 Ti 4:1ab.

α. in contrast to σάρξ, which is more closely connected w. sin than any other earthly material (Just., D. 135, 6): J 3:6; Ro 8:4–6, 9a, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:17ab; 6:8. Cp. B 10:9. πᾶσα ἐπιθυμία κατὰ τοῦ πνεύματος στρατεύεται Pol 5:3.

β. in contrast to σῶμα (=σάρξ) Ro 8:10 and to σάρξ (=σῶμα, as many hold) J 6:63a (for τὸ πν. ἐστιν τὸ ζῳοποιοῦν cp. Philo, Op. Mund. 30; Herm. Wr. in Cyrill., C. Jul. I 556c=542, 24 Sc. the pneuma τὰ πάντα ζῳοποιεῖ καὶ τρέφει. S. also f above). Cp. Ro 8:11b.

γ. in contrast to γράμμα, which is the characteristic quality of God’s older declaration of the divine will in the law: Ro 2:29; 7:6; 2 Cor 3:6ab, 8 (cp. vs. 7).

δ. in contrast to the wisdom of humans 1 Cor 2:13.

⑥ the Spirit of God as exhibited in the character or activity of God’s people or selected agents, Spirit, spirit (s. HPreisker, Geist u. Leben ’33).

ⓐ πνεῦμα is accompanied by another noun, which characterizes the working of the Spirit more definitely: πνεῦμα καὶ δύναμις spirit and power Lk 1:17; 1 Cor 2:4. Cp. Ac 10:38; 1 Th 1:5. πνεῦμα καὶ ζωή J 6:63b. πνεῦμα κ. σοφία Ac 6:3; cp. vs. 10 (cp. TestReub 2:6 πνεῦμα λαλίας). πίστις κ. πνεῦμα ἅγιον 6:5 (cp. Just., D. 135, 6). χαρὰ καὶ πνεῦμα ἅγ. 13:52.

ⓑ Unless frustrated by humans in their natural condition, the Spirit of God produces a spiritual type of conduct Gal 5:16, 25 and produces the καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος vs. 22 (s. Vögtle under πλεονεξία).

ⓒ The Spirit inspires certain people of God B 12:2; B 13:5, above all, in their capacity as proclaimers of a divine revelation (Strabo 9, 3, 5 the πνεῦμα ἐνθουσιαστικόν, that inspired the Pythia; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; 33, 5 of the divine πν. that impels prophets and poets to express themselves; schol. on Pla. 856e of a μάντις: ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ πληροῦσθαι τοῦ θεοῦ; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 8, 10, 4 [=Fgm. 2, 4 p. 136 Holladay] τὸ θεῖον πν., καθʼ ὸ̔ καὶ προφήτης ἀνακεκήρυκται ‘[Moses possessed] the Divine Spirit with the result that he was proclaimed a prophet’; AscIs 1:7 τὸ πν. τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ἐμοί; AssMos Fgm. f εἶδεν πνεύματι ἐπαρθείς; Just., A I, 38, 1 al.; Ath. 10, 3 τὸ προφητικὸν πν. Cp. Marinus, Vi. Procli 23 of Proclus: οὐ γὰρ ἄνευ θείας ἐπινοίας … διαλέγεσθαι; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 28, 23). προφητεία came into being only as ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου φερόμενοι ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι 2 Pt 1:21; cp. Ac 15:29 v.l.; cp. 1 Cl 8:1. David Mt 22:43; Mk 12:36; cp. Ac 1:16; 4:25. Isaiah Ac 28:25. Moses B 10:2, B 9; the Spirit was also active in giving the tables of the law to Moses 14:2. Christ himself spoke in the OT διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου 1 Cl 22:1. The ἱεραὶ γραφαί are called αἱ διὰ τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἁγίου 45:2.—The Christian prophet Agabus also ἐσήμαινεν διὰ τοῦ πν. Ac 11:28; cp. Ac 21:11. Likew. Ign. IPhld 7:2. In general the Spirit reveals the most profound secrets to those who believe 1 Cor 2:10ab.—1 Cl claims to be written διὰ τοῦ ἁγ. πν. 63:2. On Ac 19:21 s. 3b.

ⓓ The Spirit of God, being one, shows the variety and richness of its life in the different kinds of spiritual gifts which are granted to certain Christians 1 Cor 12:4, 7, 11; cp. vs. 13ab.—Vss. 8–10 enumerate the individual gifts of the Spirit, using various prepositions: διὰ τοὺ πν. vs. 8a; κατὰ τὸ πν. vs. 8b; ἐν τῷ πν. vs. 9ab. τὸ πν. μὴ σβέννυτε do not quench the Spirit 1 Th 5:19 refers to the gift of prophecy, acc. to vs. 20.—The use of the pl. πνεύματα is explained in 1 Cor 14:12 by the varied nature of the Spirit’s working; in vs. 32 by the number of persons who possess the prophetic spirit; on the latter s. Rv 22:6 and 19:10.

ⓔ One special type of spiritual gift is represented by ecstatic speaking. Of those who ‘speak in tongues’ that no earthly person can understand: πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια expresses secret things in a spiritual way 1 Cor 14:2. Cp. vss. 14–16 and s. νοῦς 1b. τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπερεντυγχάνει στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις the Spirit pleads in our behalf with groans beyond words Ro 8:26b. Of speech that is ecstatic, but expressed in words that can be understood λαλεῖν ἐν πνεύματι D 11:7, 8; cp. vs. 9 (on the subject-matter 1 Cor 12:3; Jos., Ant. 4, 118f; TestJob 43:2 ἀναλαβὼν Ἐλιφᾶς πν. εἶπεν ὕμνον). Of the state of mind of the seer of the Apocalypse: ἐν πνεύματι Rv 17:3; 21:10; γενέσθαι ἐν πν. 1:10; 4:2 (s. γίνομαι 5c, ἐν 4c and EMoering, StKr 92, 1920, 148–54; RJeske, NTS 31, ’85, 452–66); AcPl Ha 6, 27. On the Spirit at Pentecost Ac 2:4 s. KLake: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 111–21. κατασταλέντος τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἐν Μύρτῃ when the Spirit (of prophecy) that was in Myrta ceased speaking AcPl Ha 7, 9.

ⓕ The Spirit leads and directs Christian missionaries in their journeys (Aelian, NA 11, 16 the young women are led blindfolded to the cave of the holy serpent; they are guided by a πνεῦμα θεῖον) Ac 16:6, 7 (by dreams, among other methods; cp. vs. 9f and s. Marinus, Vi. Procli 27: Proclus ἔφασκεν προθυμηθῆναι μὲν πολλάκις γράψαι, κωλυθῆναι δὲ ἐναργῶς ἔκ τινων ἐνυπνίων). In Ac 16:6–7 τὸ ἅγιον πν. and τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ are distinguished.

⑦ an activating spirit that is not fr. God, spirit: πν. ἔτερον a different (kind of) spirit 2 Cor 11:4. Cp. 2 Th 2:2; 1J 4:1–3. Because there are persons activated by such spirits, it is necessary to test the var. kinds of spirits (the same problem Artem. 3, 20 περὶ διαφορᾶς μάντεων, οἷς δεῖ προσέχειν καὶ οἷς μή) 1 Cor 12:10; 1J 4:1b. ὁ διάβολος πληροῖ αὐτὸν αὐτοῦ πν. Hm 11:3. Also οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματός ἐστε Lk 9:55 v.l. distinguishes betw. the spirit shown by Jesus’ disciples, and another kind of spirit.—Even more rarely a spirit divinely given that is not God’s own; so (in a quot. fr. Is 29:10) a πνεῦμα κατανύξεως Ro 11:8.

⑧ an independent transcendent personality, the Spirit, which appears in formulas that became more and more fixed and distinct (cp. Ath. 12, 2; Hippol., Ref. 7, 26, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 12 θεόν, υἱόν πατρός, πνεῦμα ἐκ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον ἓν ἐκ τριῶν καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρία, ταῦτα νόμιζε Ζῆνα, τόνδʼ ἡγοῦ θεόν=‘God, son of the father, spirit proceeding from the father, one from three and three from one, consider these as Zeus, think of this one as God’. The entire context bears a Christian impress.—As Aion in gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 2, 5 [Harv. I 21, 2]): βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος Mt 28:19 (on the text s. βαπτίζω 2c; on the subject-matter GWalther, Die Entstehung des Taufsymbols aus dem Taufritus: StKr 95, 1924, 256ff); D 7:1, 3. Cp. 2 Cor 13:13; 1 Cl 58:2; IEph 9:1; IMg 13:1b, 2; MPol 14:3; 22:1, 3; Epil Mosq 5. On this s. HUsener, Dreiheit: RhM 58, 1903, 1ff; 161ff; 321ff; esp. 36ff; EvDobschütz, Zwei-u. dreigliedrige Formeln: JBL 50, ’31, 116–47 (also Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 92–100); Norden, Agn. Th. 228ff; JMainz, Die Bed. der Dreizahl im Judentum 1922; Clemen² 125–28; NSöderblom, Vater, Sohn u. Geist 1909; DNielsen, Der dreieinige Gott I 1922; GKrüger, Das Dogma v. der Dreieinigkeit 1905, 46ff; AHarnack, Entstehung u. Entwicklung der Kirchenverfassung 1910, 187ff; JHaussleiter, Trinitarischer Glaube u. Christusbekenntnis in der alten Kirche: BFCT XXV 4, 1920; JLebreton, Histoire du dogme de la Trinité I: Les origines⁶ 1927; RBlümel, Pls u. d. dreieinige Gott 1929.—On the whole word FRüsche, D. Seelenpneuma ’33; HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 486–95; PVolz, Der Geist Gottes u. d. verwandten Erscheinungen im AT 1910; JHehn, Zum Problem des Geistes im alten Orient u. im AT: ZAW n.s. 2, 1925, 210–25; SLinder, Studier till Gamla Testamentets föreställningar om anden 1926; AMarmorstein, Der Hl. Geist in der rabb. Legende: ARW 28, 1930, 286–303; NSnaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the OT ’46, 229–37; FDillistone, Bibl. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit: Theology Today 3, ’46/47, 486–97; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 341–46; ESchweizer, CDodd Festschr., ’56, 482–508; DLys, Rûach, Le Souffle dans l’AT, ’62; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebr. Mngs. ’67, 202–93.—HGunkel, Die Wirkungen des Hl. Geistes² 1899; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen des Geistes u. der Geister im nachap. Zeitalter 1899; EWinstanley, The Spirit in the NT 1908; HSwete, The Holy Spirit in the NT 1909, The Holy Spirit in the Ancient Church 1912; EScott, The Spirit in the NT 1923; FBüchsel, Der Geist Gottes im NT 1926; EvDobschütz, Der Geistbesitz des Christen im Urchristentum: Monatsschr. für Pastoral-theol. 20, 1924, 228ff; FBadcock, ‘The Spirit’ and Spirit in the NT: ET 45, ’34, 218–21; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 151–62 (Eng. tr. KGrobel, ’51, I 153–64); ESchweizer, Geist u. Gemeinde im NT ’52, Int 6, ’52, 259–78.—WTosetti, Der Hl. Geist als göttliche Pers. in den Evangelien 1918; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion. Der Ursprung des Geistbegriffs der Syn. Ev. aus der griech. Mystik 1922; AFrövig, Das Sendungsbewusstsein Jesu u. der Geist 1924; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist nach Syn. Überl.: Studies in Early Christianity, presented to FCPorter and BWBacon 1928, 209–36; FSynge, The Holy Spirit in the Gospels and Acts: CQR 120, ’35, 205–17; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit and the Gospel Trad. ’47.—ESokolowski, Die Begriffe Geist u. Leben bei Pls 1903; KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke bei Pls 1912; GVos, The Eschatological Aspect of the Pauline Conception of the Spirit: Bibl. and Theol. Studies by the Faculty of Princeton Theol. Sem. 1912, 209–59; HBertrams, Das Wesen des Geistes nach d. Anschauung des Ap. Pls 1913; WReinhard, Das Wirken des Hl. Geistes im Menschen nach den Briefen des Ap. Pls 1918; HHoyle, The Holy Spirit in St. Paul 1928; PGächter, Z. Pneumabegriff des hl. Pls: ZKT 53, 1929, 345–408; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930, 159–74 al. [Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, tr. WMontgomery ’31, 160–76 al.]; E-BAllo, RB 43, ’34, 321–46 [1 Cor]; Ltzm., Hdb. exc. after Ro 8:11; Synge [s. above], CQR 119, ’35, 79–93 [Pauline epp.]; NWaaning, Onderzoek naar het gebruik van πνεῦμα bij Pls, diss. Amsterd. ’39; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 167–200.—HvBaer, Der Hl. Geist in den Lukasschriften 1926; MGoguel, La Notion joh. de l’Esprit 1902; JSimpson, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: Exp., 9th ser., 4, 1925, 292–99; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist im J.: Amicitiae Corolla (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 303–18; WLofthouse, The Holy Spirit in Ac and J: ET 52, ’40/41, 334–36; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: JTS 1 n.s., ’50, 1–15; FCrump, Pneuma in the Gospels, diss. Catholic Univ. of America, ’54; GLampe, Studies in the Gospels (RHLightfoot memorial vol.) ’55, 159–200; NHamilton, The Holy Spirit and Eschatology in Paul, ’57; WDavies, Paul and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Flesh and Spirit: The Scrolls and the NT, ed. KStendahl, ’57, 157–82.—GJohnston, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ in the Qumran Lit.: NT Sidelights (ACPurdy Festschr.) ’60, 27–42; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT, RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; HBraun, Qumran und d. NT II, ’66, 150–64; DHill, Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings, ’67, 202–93; WBieder, Pneumatolog. Aspekte im Hb, OCullmann Festschr. ’72, 251–59; KEasley, The Pauline Usage of πνεύματι as a Reference to the Spirit of God: JETS 27, ’84, 299–313 (statistics).—B. 260; 1087. Pauly-W. XIV 387–412. BHHW I 534–37. Schmidt, Syn. II 218–50. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG s.v. πνέω. M-M. Dict. de la Bible XI 126–398. EDNT. TW. Sv.

συνοικ-ίζω, [tense] fut. [dialect] Att.

A

- ιῶ D.S.2.6

: [tense] pf.

- ῴκικα Str.12.3.10

:— make to live with, Isoc.19.34, dub. l. in Ps.-Epich.298; σ. τινὶ τὴν θυγατέρα to give him one's daughter in marriage, Hdt.2.121.ζ', cf. PEnteux.22.8 (iii B.C.), D.S.2.6;

σ. νύμφας νυμφίοις Pl.R. 546d

, cf. Sph. 242d;

ἐμὲ.. εὐνὴν Ἡρακλεῖ συνοικίσας E.HF68

; rarely with the reverse constr., τοὺς δούλους ταῖς τῶν δεσποτῶν γυναιξὶ ς. Plb. 16.13.1.

II combine or join in one city,

μὴ Τροίαν ἀθροίσῃ καὶ ξυνοικίσῃ πάλιν E.Hec. 1139

; unite into a city-state,

ἐς τὴν νῦν πόλιν οὖσαν ξ. πάντας Th.2.15

;

Θησεὺς.. τὰς δώο̄εκα πόλεις εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ συνῴκισεν Marm.Par.35

(cf. συνοίκια)

; ξ. τὴν Λέσβον ἐς τὴν Μυτιλήνην Th.3.2

;

Ἐρέτρια συνῴκισε τὰς περὶ Παλλήνην πόλεις Arist. Fr. 603

:—[voice] Pass., ξυνοικισθείσης πόλεως a city having been regularly formed, opp. κατὰ κώμας οἰκίζεσθαι, Th.1.10, cf. 2.16, 3.93;

ἐκ μικρῶν πόλεων συνοικισθέντες X.Ath.2.2

;

Χαλκιδέων εἰς ἓν συνῳκισμένων D. 19.263

;

σ. κατὰ πόλεις Isoc.15.82

; ἐκ τῶν τυχόντων ἀνθρώπων ς. Lycurg.62.

2 unite in one building, PMich.Zen.84.9 ([voice] Pass., iii B.C.).

III join in peopling or colonizing a country, Th.1.24; τισι Id.6.5.

IV generally, unite, associate,

οἵῳ με δαίμων φιλοσόφῳ συνῴκισεν Theognet.1.6

;

λιμὸν σ. τινί Alciphr.1.20

;

ἀλλοτρίῳ δαίμονι συνοικιζομένους Plu.Cor.13

.

σχολή, ἡ,

A leisure, rest, ease, Pi.N.10.46, Hdt.3.134, etc.; opp. ἀσχολία, Arist.Pol. 1334a15, etc.; σχολὴν ἄγειν to be at leisure, enjoy ease, keep quiet, Hdt. l.c., E.Med. 1238, Th.5.29; ἐπί τινι for a thing, Pl.Ap. 36d;

περί τι Antip.Stoic.3.256

;

πρός τι Pl.Phdr. 229e

, Arr.Epict.1.27.15; τινι Luc.Cal.15; σ. ἀγαγεῖν ἐπί τινα to give up one's time to him, Id.DDeor.12.2, etc.; σ. ἔχειν to have leisure, E.Andr. 732, Pl.Lg. 813c, etc.; ἀμφὶ ἑαυτόν for one's own business, X.Cyr.7.5.42; σ. ποιεῖσθαι to find leisure,

πρός τι Id.Mem.2.6.4

: c. inf., Pl. Ion 530d; μὴ σχολὴν τίθει, i.e. make haste, A.Ag. 1059;

ἡνίκ' ἂν σχολὴν λάβω E.IT 1432

; σχολή [ἐστί] μοι I have time,

οὐ σχολὴ αὐτῷ Pl.Prt. 314d

; οὐκ οὔσης ς. Ar.Pl. 281; also

παρούσης πολλῆς σ... πρός τι Pl.Plt. 272b

: prov.,

οὐ σ. δούλοις Arist.Pol. 1334a21

: c. inf.,

οὔτοι.. τῇδ' ἐμοὶ σ. πάρα τρίβειν A.Ag. 1055

, etc.; εἴ τῳ καὶ λογίζεσθαι ς. S. Aj. 816;

εἴ σοι σ. προϊόντι ἀκούειν Pl.Phdr. 227b

; καταβαίνειν οὐ ς. Ar. Ach. 409,al.;

σ. πλείων ἢ θέλω πάρεστί μοι A.Pr. 818

; σχολὴ ἐδόκει γίγνεσθαι he thought he had plenty of time, Th.5.10; σ. διδόναι, παρέχειν τινί, X.Cyr.4.2.22, Hier.10.5;

σ. καταναλίσκειν εἴς τι Isoc.1.18

; τὴν τοῦ πράττοντος σ. περιμένειν to wait his leisure, Pl.R. 370b; σχολῆς τόδ' ἔργον a work for leisure, i.e. requiring attention, E. Andr. 552: freq. with Preps., ἐπὶ σχολῆς at leisure, Pl.Tht. 172d;

κατὰ σχολήν Ar.Ec.48

, Pl.Phdr. 228a;

μετὰ σχολῆς Id.Criti. 110a

;

ὑπὸ σχολῆς Plu.2.667d

; v.infr. B.

2 c. gen., leisure, rest from a thing,

ἔν τινι σχολῇ κακοῦ S.OT 1286

;

ὡς ἂν σχολὴν λύσωμεν.. πόνων E.HF 725

;

σ. ἐστί τινι τῶν πράξεων Pl.Lg. 961b

, cf. R. 370c; also

σ. γίγνεταί τινι ἀπό τινος Id.Phd. 66d

; σ. ἄγειν ἀπό τινος to keep clear of.., X.Cyr.8.3.47; ἡ τῶν ἀναγκαίων ς. Arist.Pol. 1269a35.

3 idleness, τίκτει γὰρ οὐδὲν ἐσθλὸν εἰκαία ς. S.Fr. 308;

σ. τερπνὸν κακόν E.Hipp. 384

.

II that in which leisure is employed, οὐ κάμνω σχολῇ I am not weary of talk, Id. Ion 276; esp. learned discussion, disputation, lecture, Pl.Lg. 820c (pl.), Arist.Pol. 1323b39;

παρεκαθίζανον.. σχολαῖς φιλομαθεῖν προαιρούμενοι IG22.1011.22

; ταῦτ' οὐ σχολὴ Πλάτωνος; Alex.158;

σχολὰς ἀναγράψαι Phld.Acad.Ind.p.74

M., cf. Plu.2.37c, etc.; σ. περὶ πολιτείας γράψασθαι ib.790e; σ. ἀναγνῶναι, λέγειν, Phld. Acad.Ind.p.82 M., Arr.Epict.4.11.35; ἠθικαὶ σ., title of work by Persaeus, Stoic.1.102, cf.Cic.Tusc.1.4.7,8.

2 a group to whom lectures were given, school, Arist.Pol. 1313b3, Phld.Ind.Sto.10, D.H.Isoc.1, Dem.44, Plu.Per.35, Alex.7, etc.; σ. ἔχειν to keep a school, Arr.Epict. 3.21.11; σχολῆς ἡγεῖσθαι to be master of it, Phld.Acad.Ind.p.92 M., D.H.Amm.1.7.

3 Lat. schola, = σχολαστήριον, Vitr.5.10.4, CIL 10.831, etc.

III σχολαί, αἱ, regiments of the Imperial guard, Procop.Goth.4.27, Suid. s.v. διέδριον; Lat.scholae, Cod.Theod.14.17.9 (iv A.D.), etc.

b section of an office, PMasp. 57 ii 18 (vi A.D.); of the 15 'schools' of shorthand writers, Lyd.Mag.3.6.

B σχολῇ as Adv., in a leisurely way, tardily,

ἤνυτον σ. βραδύς S. Ant. 231

, cf. Th.1.142, 3.46, And.2.19, etc.; ἄτρεμά τε καὶ ς. Alex. 135.4;

σ. καὶ βάδην Plb.8.28.11

.

2 at one's leisure, i.e. scarcely, hardly, not at all, S.OT 434. Ant. 390, Pl.Sph. 233b, etc.;

παραινῶ πᾶσι.. σ. τεκνοῦσθαι παῖδας E.Fr. 317

;

σ. γε And.1.102

, X.Mem.3.14.3;

σ. που Pl.Sph. 261

b: freq. in apodosi, to introduce an a fortioriargument, εἰ δὲ μὴ.., ἦ που σχολῇ.. γε if not so.., hardly or much less so.., And.1.90;

εἰ αὗται.. μὴ ἀκριβεῖς εἰσι, σχολῇ αἵ γε ἄλλαι Pl.Phd. 65b

;

εἰ μὴ τούτων.., σ. τῶν γε ἄλλων Arist.Metaph. 999a10

; ὁπότε γὰρ.. , answered by σ. γε, Pl.R. 610e;

μὴ γιγνώσκων τὴν οὐσίαν σ. τήν γε ὀρθότητα διαγνώσεται Id.Lg. 668c

.

ἐμπίπτω, [tense] fut. - πεσοῦμαι: [tense] aor. ἐνέπεσον, [dialect] Ep. ἔμπεσον (v. infr.): lyr. [tense] aor.

A

ἔμπετες Pi.P.8.81

:— fall in or on, c. dat.,

τρύφος ἔμπεσε πόντῳ Od.4.508

;

ὁ δ' ὕπτιος ἔμπεσε πέτρῃ Il.4.108

; ἐν δ' ἔπεσ' ὠκεανῷ, of the Sun, 8.485; πῦρ ἔμπεσε νηυσίν fire fell upon them, 16.113;

αὐχένι.. ἔμπεσεν ἰός 15.451

, cf. 624; with

ἐν, ὡς δ' ὅτε πῦρ.. ἐν ἀξύλῳ ἐμπέσῃ ὕλῃ 11.155

;

κεραυνοὶ αὐτοῖσι ἐνέπιπτον Hdt.8.37

; ἐμπέσοι γέ σοι (sc. ὁ πύργος) Ar.Pl. 180, etc.: abs., ῥύμῃ ἐ. Th.2.76, cf. Hdt.1.34: c. gen.,

ὠκεανοῖο Arat.635

.

b Geom., meet, of a line meeting another, Euc. 1 Post.5, etc.; to be placed,

ἐὰν εἰς τὸν κύκλον εὐθεῖα ἐμπέσῃ Archim.Sph.Cyl.1.9

; ἡ ἐμπεσοῦσα ibid.

c of a dislocated limb, fall into place, Hp.Art.8.

2 fall upon, attack,

ἐν δ' ἔπεσον προμάχοις Od.24.526

, cf. Il.16.81;

στρατῷ E.Rh. 127

;

τοῖς πολεμίοις X.Eq.Mag.8.25

, etc.; ἐμπεσόντες having fallen on them, Hdt. 3.146, cf. 7.16.ά: metaph., insult,

ἄλλοισι δ' ἐμπίπτων γελᾷ Pi.I.1.68

; so,

3 of evils, diseases, etc., fall on one, attack,

κακὸν ἔμπεσε οἴκῳ Od.2.45

;

λὺγξ τοῖς πλέοσιν ἐνέπιπτε κενή Th.2.49

;

νόσημα ἐμπέπτωκεν εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα D.19.259

;

πρὶν ἐμπεσεῖν σπαραγμόν S. Tr. 1253

; ὕπνος ἐ. Pl.Ti. 45e: of passions, of frames of mind, χόλος, δέος ἔμπεσε θυμῷ, Il.9.436, 17.625;

ἔρως μή τις ἐμπίπτῃ στρατῷ A.Ag. 341

;

Ἔρως, ὃς ἐν κτήμασι πίπτεις S.Ant. 782

(lyr.);

ἐμοὶ.. οἶκτος Id.Ph. 965

;

τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ἐνέπεσέ τι γέλωτος Th.4.28

;

μὴ λύσσα τις ἡμῖν ἐμπεπτώκοι X.An.5.7.26

;

ἔλεος ἐμπέπτωκέ τίς μοι Philippid.9.1

; ἐ. εἰς .., Hdt.7.43, E.IA 443, Th.2.48 codd., Lys.1.18, etc.: rarely c.acc.,

οὐδείς ποτ' αὐτοὺς.. ἂν ἐμπέσοι ζῆλος S.OC 942

;

ἐμπέπτωκ' ἔρως.. Ἑλλάδα E.IA 808

.

b of words, καί μοι ἔπος ἔμπεσε θυμῷ came into my mind, Od.12.266; λόγος ἐμπέπτωκεν ἀρτίως ἐμοί came to my ears, S.OC 1150; κἂν περὶ ἀνδρῶν γ' ἐμπέσῃ λόγος τις a report arose, Ar.Lys. 858, cf. Pl.R. 354b, Lg. 799d, Thphr.Char.2.2; so τόποι ἐμπίπτοντες available, suitable topics, Hermog.Prog.7, etc., cf. Ph.1.179.

4 light or fall upon, πρὶν ἁλίῳ γυῖον ἐμπεσεῖν before his body was exposed to the sun, Pi.N.7.73; [

θηρία] ἐμπίπτοντα ταῖς ὄψεσι Hdn.3.9.5

; also εἰς τὴν ὄψιν, εἰς τὴν αἴσθησιν, Pl.Ti. 67d, R. 524d.

b fall into,

ἐ. ἐν ἀπορίᾳ Id.Euthd. 293a

;

ἐπὶ συμφορήν Hdt. 7.88

; more freq.

ἐ. εἰς.., ἐ. εἰς ἄτας S.El. 216

(lyr.);

εἰς βάρβαρα φάσγανα E.Hel. 864

;

εἰς ἐνέδραν X.Cyr.8.5.14

;

εἰς ἔρωτα Antiph.235.3

;

εἰς νόσον Antipho 1.20

;

εἰς ὑποψίας Id.2.2.3

;

εἰς φαῦλον σκέμμα Pl.R. 435c

;

εἴς τινα βυθὸν φλυαρίας Id.Prm. 130d

;

εἰς πράγματα D. 18.292

; ἐ. εἰς τὰ πεπραγμένα, in speaking, come upon the exploits, ib.211; εἰς λόγους ib.42, cf. 59.

5 τῷ ἀκοντίῳ ἐ. τῷ ὤμῳ throw oneself on the javelin with one's shoulder, i.e. to give all one's force to the throw, Hp.Aër.20.

6 break in, burst in,

στέγῃ S.OT 1262

;

πύλαις E.Ph. 1146

;

εἰς τὴν θύραν κριηδόν Ar.Lys. 309

; intrude,

εἰς τὸ ἀρχεῖον Arist.Pol. 1270b9

: abs., A.Ag. 1350; ἐμπεσών violently, rashly, Hdt.3.81.

7 εἴς τι fall within the province of, Pl.Tht. 205d;

εἰς τὰς εἰρημένας αἰτίας Arist.Metaph. 986a15

, cf.Rh. 1401b29, Ph. 196b9;

εἰς ἄλλο πρόβλημα Id.Pol. 1268b25

.

b of income, εἰς τὸν λόγον τινὸς ἐ. PLille 16.5 (iii B.C.), cf. POxy.494.21 (ii A.D.).

c of suits, come before,

εἰς δικαστῶν πλῆθος Arist.Pol. 1300b35

, cf. Plu. Sol.18.

8 ἐ. εἰς δεσμωτήριον to be thrown into prison, Din.2.9, cf.D.25.60(abs., get into prison, Luc.Tox.28);

εἰς ζήτρειον Eup.19

D.; so

ἐ. εἰς τὸν Τάρταρον Pl.Phd. 114a

: Com.,

εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν Com.Adesp. 9D.

9 of circumstances, happen, occur, Paus.7.8.4.

10 desert,

πρός τινα LXX 4 Ki.25.11

.

ἐνσημαίνω,

A contain a signification, imply,

ὅτι ἀγαστὸς.. ἐνσημαίνει τὸ ὄνομα Ἀγαμέμνων Pl.Cra. 395b

.

2 report, signal,

τὴν αἴσθησιν Arist.de An. 423a4

:—[voice] Pass., to be indicated or expressed,

ἐ. ἡ ἀναίδεια ἐν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς Longin.4.4

.

3 show in, Philostr.VA2.22.

II [voice] Med., give notice of, intimate,

τινὶ τὴν ὀργήν Isoc.20.22

, cf. Arist.Ath. 18.2;

τοῦτο, ὅτι.. X.Cyr.8.2.3

:—[voice] Pass., POxy. 396 (i A.D.).

2 give signs one to another, X.Cyn.6.22.

3 impress or stamp upon,

σημεῖα Pl.Tht. 191d

, cf. 209c;

τύπον ἐ. ἑκάστῳ Id.R. 377b

:—[voice] Pass.,to be imprinted,

εἴς τι Id.Tht. 194c

, cf. Ph.1.242;

ὑπὸ τῶν ἐννοιῶν ἐνσεσημασμένον.. λόγον Diog.

Bab.Stoic.3.216.

ὑπεξ-έρχομαι, [tense] aor. 2 -ῆλθον, [tense] pf. - ελήλυθα:—

A go out from under: go out secretly, withdraw, retire, Th.8.70; Μέγαράδε, Ἀθήναζε, And.1.15, D.59.103;

πόλεως Plu.Publ.7

; ὑ. λέγοντος slip away from.., Pl.Tht. 182d: rarely c. acc. pers., withdraw from, escape from, Th.3.34: c. acc. rei,

νόσῳ ὑ. τὸν βίον App.Reg.2

: also c. dat., keep out of one's way, avoid, Pl. Lg. 865e; give up one's right to, τισι D.37.7.

2 rise up and quit one's domicile, emigrate, ἐς .. Hdt.1.73, 8.36.

II go out to meet, Id.1.176 (leg. ἐπεξ-).

III Medic., to be discharged from the bowel, Archig. ap. Aët.9.28.

ἀπονεμ-ητικός, ή, όν,

A disposed to distribute: τὸ ἀ. [ἦθος] disposition to give every one his due, M.Ant.1.16;

ἑκάστῳ τῶν πρὸς ἀξίαν Gal.19.384

; distributive, Asp.in EN158.22. Adv.

- κῶς D.L.7.126

. ( ἀπονεμετ- is a f.l.)

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `blunt; dim, faint (of sight)' (ion. att.).

Derivatives: ἀμβλυώσσω (- ώττω) `be short-sighted' (Hp.), from *ἀμβλυ-ωψ, cf. ἀμβλυ-ωπός, also ἀμβλωπός, ἀμβλῶψ; Schwyzer 733 ζ, Sommer Nominalkomp. 3ff.,

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: ἀμβλύς can be from *ἀμλ-ύς. The connection with ἀμαλός is a mere guess which explains nothing. Perhaps to ἀμβλ(ακ)ίσκω (not from * h₂mlh₃us with Rix, MSS 27, 1970, 90, which would give *αμαλυς). One also tried to compare ἀμαλδύνω.

Page in Frisk: 1,89-90

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `thole' (h. Hom., A., E., Arist., Plb.).

Derivatives: - μίδιον n. ( Com. Adesp.). Besides σκάλμη f. `short sword, knife' (S. Fr. 620, after H. = μάχαιρα Θρᾳκία).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [923] * skel(H)- `cut'

Etymology: A quite close agreement is found in Germ. in a des. of diff. split or cut objects: OWNo. skalm f. `tooth of a fork, pod of a fruit, short sword', Swed. skalm f., `arm of a fork etc.', LGerm. schalm `thin strip of wood', OHG scalm `boat', PGm. * skal-ma \/ ō-, IE * skol-mo \/ ā-. Besides without anl. s- e.g. Lith. kélmas `stump of a tree, stem' (further in Fraenkel s. v.). The for σκαλμός, - μη required zero grade was formed after σκάλλω, and with an original sense of `split' v. t. The special meaning `thole' is a Greek innovation (cf. Chantraine Étrennes Benveniste 6). -- Did *skl̥mo- give σκαλμο- (one could expect *σκλαμο-?); esp. the Thrac. word is uncertain. Cf. the end of σκάλλω, where Frisk assumes a form independent of this verb, which is rather vague.

Page in Frisk: 2,716

λύτρον, ου, τό (s. λύω and next entry; Pind., Hdt. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, Philo, Joseph.; Mel., P. 91, 684; 103, 792) price of release, ransom (esp. also the ransom money for the manumission of slaves, mostly in pl.: Diod S 19, 85, 3; Polyaenus 4, 10, 1; POxy 48, 6 [86 A.D.]; 49, 8; 722, 30; 40; Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 362, 19; Jos., Ant. 12, 46, but also in sing.: Diod S 20, 84, 6 δοῦναι λύτρον; ins in KBuresch, Aus Lydien 1898 p. 197 [on this ins. and Dssm’s ref. to it, s. New Docs 2, 90]; Jos., Ant. 14, 371.—LMitteis, Reichsrecht und Volksrecht 1891, 388; FSteinleitner, Die Beicht 1913, 36ff; 59; 111) give up one’s life λ. ἀντὶ πολλῶν as a ransom for many (s. πολύς 1aβא) Mt 20:28; Mk 10:45 (BBlake, ET 45, ’34, 142; WHoward, ET 50, ’38, 107–10; JJeremias, Judaica 3, ’48, 249–64; ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht, ’55, 116–22; CBarrett, NT Essays: TManson mem. vol. ’59, 1–18 [refers to 2 Macc 7:37].—Cp. Diod S 12, 57, 2; Dio Chrys. 64 [14], 11 λύτρα διδόναι; Jos., Ant. 14, 107 λ. ἀντὶ πάντων; Philo Bybl. [I/II A.D.]: 790 Fgm. 3b p. 814, 9 Jac. [in Eus., PE 1, 16, 44] ἀντὶ τῆς πάντων φθορᾶς … λ.). God gave his Son λ. ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν as a ransom for us Dg 9:2 (Mel., P. 103, 792 ἐγὼ τὸ λύτρον ὑμῶν [λουτρόν Bodmer]; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 4, 2 κριὸν λύτρον ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ; schol. on Nicander, Alexiph. 560 λύτρα ὑπὲρ τῶν βοῶν; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 122; Jos., Ant. 14, 371 λ. ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ). ἐπὶ σοὶ φανερώσει κύριος τὸ λ. τοῖς υἱοῖς Ἰσραήλ because of you the Lord will reveal the (promised) salvation to the people of Israel GJs 7:2. λ. τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν a ransom for sins B 19:10 v.l.—S. lit. on ἀπολύτρωσις, 2 end; also NLevinson, SJT 12, ’59, 277–78; DHill, Gk. Words and Heb. Mngs. ’67, 49–81, with correction of perspective in light of new discoveries New Docs 3, 72–75. S. SEG XXXIX, ’89, 1863 for list of ins.—DELG s.v. λύω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq (in citation of SB III, 6293, 10 ὑπὲρ λυτρῶν is restored). Sv.

σιαγών, όνος, ἡ (cp. ψίω ‘chew’; Soph., X., Pla.+; usu. in its orig. sense ‘jaw, jawbone’, so also LXX [e.g. Judg 15:14–17]; TestAbr A 16 p. 97, 14 [Stone p. 42]; Jos., Ant. 5, 300) cheek (so fr. III B.C. [s. L-S-J-M s.v.], pap, LXX [e.g. Is 50:6]) Mt 5:39; Lk 6:29; D 1:4 (on the subject-matter JWeismann, ZNW 14, 1913, 175f; JMoffatt, Exp. 8th ser., 7, 1914, 89; 8, 1914, 188f; UHolzmeister, ZKT 45, 1921, 334ff; HBryant, ET 48, ’37, 236f); GPt 3:9. τιθέναι τὰς ς. εἰς ῥαπίσματα give up one’s cheeks to blows B 5:14 (Is 50:6).—B. 222. DELG. M-M.

δίδωμι (Hom.+) by-form διδῶ (B-D-F §94, 1; Rob. 311f) Rv 3:9 (δίδω Tregelles, δίδωμι v.l.), 3 sg. διδοῖ (GrBar 7:2), 3 pl. διδόασι; impf. 3 sg. ἐδίδου, ἐδίδει (Hs 6, 2, 7; cp. Mk 4:8 cod. W), 3 pl. ἐδίδουν, ἐδίδοσαν J 19:3; ptc. διδῶν (Hs 8, 3, 3); fut. δώσω; 1 aor. ἔδωκα, subj. 3 sg. δώσῃ J 17:2; Rv 8:3 v.l. (on this W-S.§14, 9; B-D-F §95, 1; Rob. 308f), 1 pl. δώσωμεν Mk 6:37 v.l., 3 pl. δώσωσιν Rv 4:9 v.l.; pf. δέδωκα; plpf. ἐδεδώκειν (and without augm. δεδώκειν Mk 14:44; Lk 19:15; J 11:57); 2 aor. subj. 3 sg. δῷ J 15:16 (δώῃ v.l.); also in the form δώῃ Eph 1:17; 2 Ti 2:25 (in both δῷ as v.l.): in all these cases read δώῃ subj., not δῴη opt., s. below; δοῖ Mk 8:37 (B-D-F §95, 2; Mlt. 55; Rdm.² 97f and Glotta 7, 1916, 21ff; GKilpatrick in Festschrift JSchmid ’63, 135), pl. δῶμεν, δῶτε, δῶσιν; 2 aor. opt. 3 sg. Hellenist. (also LXX) δῴη for δοίη Ro 15:5; 2 Th 3:16; 2 Ti 1:16, 18 (on Eph 1:17; 2 Ti 2:25 s. above); 2 aor. impv. δός, δότε, inf. δοῦναι, ptc. δούς; pf. δέδωκα LXX. Pass.: 1 fut. δοθήσομαι (W-S. §14, 8ff); 1 aor. ἐδόθην; pf. δέδομαι.

① to give as an expression of generosity, give, donate as a gen. principle: μακάριόν ἐστιν μᾶλλον διδόναι ἢ λαμβάνειν it is more blessed to give than to receive Ac 20:35 (Theophyl. Sim., Ep. 42 τὸ διδόναι ἢ τὸ λαβεῖν οἰκειότερον); cp. 1 Cl 2:1; Hm 2:4ff (the contrast δίδωμι … λαμβάνω is frequently found: Epicharmus, Fgm. 273 Kaibel; Com. Fgm. Adesp. 108, 4 K.; Maximus Tyr. 32, 10c ὀλίγα δούς, μεγάλα ἔλαβες; Sir 14:16; Tat. 29, 2).—On the logion Ac 20:35 s. Unknown Sayings 77–81: giving is blessed, not receiving (cp. EHaenchen on Ac 20:35; Aristot., EN 4, 3, 26; Plut., Mor. 173d). S. μᾶλλον 3c. δὸς τοῖς πτωχοῖς give to the poor Mt 19:21 (HvonCampenhausen, Tradition u. Leben ’60, 114–56). τινὶ ἔκ τινος give someone some (of a substance: Tob 4:16; Ezk 48:12) Mt 25:8. S. also 7:11; 14:7.

② to give someth. out, give, bestow, grant δ. δακτύλιον εἰς τὴν χεῖρα put a ring on the finger Lk 15:22 (cp. Esth 3:10—δίδωμί τι εἰς τ. χεῖρα also Aristoph., Nub. 506; Herodas 3, 70). give τινί τι someth. to someone τὸ ἅγιον τοῖς κυσίν Mt 7:6 (Ps.-Lucian, Asin. 33 τὰ ἔγκατα τοῖς κυσὶ δότε).—A certificate of divorce to one’s wife 5:31 (Dt 24:1; conversely of the wife Just., A II, 2, 6 ῥεπούδιον δοῦσα); without dat. 19:7. Of bread (w. dat. or acc. somet. to be supplied fr. the context) 26:26f; Mk 2:26; 14:22; Lk 6:4; 11:7f; 22:19; J 21:13 (difft. Mt 14:19; 15:36; Mk 6:41; 8:6 the disciples transfer to others what they have received). W. inf. foll. δ. τινὶ φαγεῖν give someone someth. to eat Mt 14:16; 25:35, 42; Mk 5:43; 6:37; J 6:31 al. (cp. Gen 28:20; Ex 16:8, 15; Lev 10:17); someth. to drink Mt 27:34; Mk 15:23; J 4:7; Rv 16:6 (Hdt. 4, 172, 4; Aristoph., Pax 49; Jos., Ant. 2, 64; schol. on Nicander, Alexiph. 146 δὸς πιεῖν τί τινι, without dat. 198; PGM 13, 320 δὸς πεῖν[=πιεῖν]; Jos., Ant. 2, 64).—τὰς ῥάβδους GJs 9:1.—Lk 15:29 (Hipponax 43 Deg.).

③ to express devotion, give δόξαν δ. θεῷ give God the glory, i.e. praise, honor, thanks (Josh 7:19; Ps 67:35; 1 Esdr 9:8; 2 Ch 30:8 and oft.) Lk 17:18; J 9:24 (practically=promise under oath to tell the truth); Ac 12:23 al. δόξαν καὶ τιμήν (2 Ch 32:33) give glory and honor Rv 4:9. Through a sacrificial offering θυσίαν δ. bring an offering Lk 2:24 (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 196 θυσίαν ἀποδοῦναι τ. θεῷ).

④ to cause to happen, esp. in ref. to physical phenomena, produce, make, cause, give fig. extension of mng. 1 ὑετὸν δ. (3 Km 17:14; Job 5:10; Zech 10:1; PsSol 5:9) yield rain Js 5:18; send rain Ac 14:17. τέρατα cause wonders to appear Ac 2:19 (Jo 3:3). Of heavenly bodies φέγγος δ. give light, shine Mt 24:29; Mk 13:24 (cp. Is 13:10). Of a musical instrument φωνὴν δ. (cp. Ps 17:14; 103:12; Jdth 14:9; Pind., N. 5, 50b [93]) produce a sound 1 Cor 14:7f.

⑤ to put someth. in care of another, entrust

ⓐ of things entrust τινί τι someth. to someone money Mt 25:15; Lk 19:13, 15; the keys of the kgdm. Mt 16:19; perh. Lk 12:48. W. εἰς τὰς χεῖρας added J 13:3 (cp. Gen 39:8; Is 22:21; 29:12 al.) or ἐν τῇ χειρί τινος 3:35 (cp. Jdth 9:9; Da 1:2; 7:25 Theod.; 1 Macc 2:7). Of spiritual things J 17:8, 14; Ac 7:38.

ⓑ of pers. τινά τινι entrust someone to another’s care J 6:37, 39; 17:6, 9, 12, 24; Hb 2:13 (Is 8:18).

⑥ to engage in a financial transaction

ⓐ of payment pay, give τινί τι Mt 20:4; 26:15; 28:12; Mk 14:11; Lk 22:5; Rv 11:18. Fig. repay someone (Mélanges Nicole, var. contributors, JNicole Festschr. 1905, p. 246 [HvanHerwerden=PLips 40 III, 3 p. 129] λίθῳ δέδωκεν τῷ υἱῷ μου; Ps 27:4) Rv 2:23. Of taxes, tribute, rent, etc. τινὶ ἀπό τινος pay rent of someth. Lk 20:10 (cp. 1 Esdr 6:28). τὶ pay (up), give someth. Mt 16:26; 27:10; Mk 8:37; δ. κῆνσον, φόρον καίσαρι pay tax to the emperor (Jos., Bell. 2, 403) Mt 22:17; Mk 12:14; Lk 20:22. Of inheritance pay out a portion of property Lk 15:12.

ⓑ as commercial t.t. for bookkeeping λόγον δ. render account (POxy 1281, 9 [21 A.D.]; PStras 32, 9 δότω λόγον; cp. Phil 4:15) Ro 14:12.

ⓒ of a bank deposit, equivalent to τιθέναι put, place, deposit ἀργύριον ἐπὶ τράπεζαν put money in the bank Lk 19:23.

⑦ appoint to special responsibility, appoint (Num 14:4) κριτάς judges Ac 13:20; w. double acc. appoint someone someth. (PLille 28, II [III B.C.] αὐτοῖς ἐδώκαμεν μεσίτην Δωρίωνα) τοὺϚ μὲν ἀποστόλους some (to be) apostles Eph 4:11. τινὰ κεφαλήν make someone head 1:22. Also δ. τινὰ εἴς τι B 14:7 (Is 42:6).

⑧ to cause someth. to happen, give (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 106 δ. χρόνον εἰς μετάνοιαν) δ. γνῶσιν σωτηρίας= to give (his people) knowledge of salvation = to tell (his people) how to be saved Lk 1:77.

⑨ to bear as a natural product, yield, produce of a field and its crops καρπὸν δ. yield fruit (Ps 1:3) Mt 13:8; Mk 4:7f; fig. ἔδωκεν μοὶ Κύριος καρπὸν δικαιοσύνης αὐτοῦ GJs 6:3 (Pr 11:30).

⑩ to dedicate oneself for some purpose or cause, give up, sacrifice τὸ σῶμά μου τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν διδόμενον my body, given up for you Lk 22:19 (cp. Thu. 2, 43, 2; Libanius, Declam. 24, 23 Förster οἱ ἐν Πύλαις ὑπὲρ ἐλευθερίας τ. Ἑλλήνων δεδωκότες τὰ σώματα; of Menas δ. ἀπροφασίστως ἑαυτόν ‘gave of himself unstintingly’ OGI 339, 19f; Danker, Benefactor 321–23; for use of δ. in a testamentary context cp. Diog. L. 5, 72); ἑαυτὸν (τὴν ψυχὴν) δ. give oneself up, sacrifice oneself (ref. in Nägeli 56; 1 Macc 6:44; 2:50) w. dat. 2 Cor 8:5. λύτρον ἀντι πολλῶν give oneself up as a ransom for many Mt 20:28; Mk 10:45 (ἀντί 3). Also ἀντίλυτρον ὑπέρ τινος 1 Ti 2:6. ὐπέρ τινος for or because of a person or thing J 10:15 v.l.; Gal 1:4; Tit 2:14; AcPl Ha 8, 24 (on the form of these passages s. KRomaniuk, NovT 5, ’62, 55–76). ἑαυτὸν δ. τῷ θανάτῳ ISm 4:2 (cp. Just., A I, 21, 2 πυρί); δ. ἑαυτὸν εἰς τὸ θηρίον face the beast Hv 4, 1, 8.

⑪ to cause (oneself) to go, go, venture somewhere (cp. our older ‘betake oneself’) (Polyb. 5, 14, 9; Diod S 5, 59, 4; 14, 81, 2; Jos., Ant. 7, 225; 15, 244) εἰς τὸ θέατρον Ac 19:31; εἰς τὴν ἔρημον GJs 1:4.

⑫ to use an oracular device, draw/cast lots Ac 1:26.

⑬ to grant by formal action, grant, allow, freq. of God (cp. 7 above) ἐξουσίαν δ. (Hippol., Ref. 5, 26, 21 grant someone the power or authority, give someone the right, etc. (cp. TestJob 20:3; Jos., Ant. 2, 90, Vi. 71) Mt 9:8; 28:18; 2 Cor 13:10; Rv 9:3; 1 Cl 61:1; τοῦ πατεῖν ἐπάνω τινός tread on someth. Lk 10:19. τὴν σοφίαν τοῦ γράψαι τὴν ἱστορίαν ταύτην the ability to write this account GJs 25:1. ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς δύναμιν καὶ ἐξουσίαν ἐπί Lk 9:1 (cp. Just., D. 30, 3 ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ δύναμιν). ταῦτά σοι πάντα δώσω i.e. put them under your control Mt 4:9 of the devil. Simple δ. w. inf. (Appian, Liby. 19 §78 ἢν [=ἐὰν] ὁ θεὸς δῷ ἐπικρατῆσαι 106 §499) δέδοται it is given, granted to someone γνῶναι τὰ μυστήρια to know the secrets Mt 13:11; cp. ἡ δοθεῖσα αὐτῷ γνῶσις B 9:8 (Just., D. 7, 3 εἰ μή τῳ θεός δῷ συνιέναι) ἔδωκεν ζωὴν ἔχειν he has granted (the privilege) of having life J 5:26. μετὰ παρρησίας λαλεῖν to speak courageously Ac 4:29 and oft. Rather freq. the inf. is to be supplied fr. the context (Himerius, Or. 38 [4], 8 εἰ θεὸς διδοίη=if God permits) οἷς δέδοται sc. χωρεῖν Mt 19:11. ἦν δεδομένον σοι sc. ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν J 19:11. W. acc. and inf. foll. (Appian, Mithrid. 11, §37; Heliodorus 5, 12, 2 δώσεις με πιστεύειν) οὐδὲ δώσεις τὸν ὅσιόν σου ἰδεῖν διαφθοράν you will not permit your holy one to see corruption Ac 2:27; 13:35 (both Ps 15:10). ἔδωκεν αὐτὸν ἐμφανῆ γενέσθαι granted that he should be plainly seen 10:40. δὸς … ῥαγήναι τὰ δέσμα grant that our chains be broken AcPl Ha 3,11f. Pregnant constr.: grant, order (Diod S 9, 12, 2 διδ. λαβεῖν=permit to; 19, 85, 3 τὶ=someth.; Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 125 §524 ὁ καιρὸς ἐδίδου=the opportunity permitted; Biogr. p. 130 ἐδίδου θάπτειν τ. ἄνδρα) ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς ἵνα μὴ ἀποκτείνωσιν orders were given them not to kill Rv 9:5; cp. 19:8.—Of an oath w. double inf. Lk 1:73f. S. also 17 below.

⑭ to cause to come into being, institute περιτομὴν δ. institute circumcision B 9:7.

⑮ give up, someth. that has been under one’s control for a relatively long time, give up, give back ἡ θάλασσα τ. νεκρούς the sea gave up its dead Rv 20:13.

⑯ to proffer someth., extend, offer χεῖρα hold out one’s hand (to someone) Ac 9:41 (cp. 1 Macc 6:58; 2 Macc 12:11; Jos., Bell. 6, 318). (τὸν) μαστὸν τῇ παῖδι GJs 5:2; 6:3.

⑰ In many phrases this word relates to an activity or an abstract object, and with tr. freq. determined by the noun object; cp. 13 above.

ⓐ of humans: of a plan conceived in a meeting give counsel or advice: δ. for ποιεῖν (cp. κατά A2b β and s. s.v. συμβούλιον), which is read by some mss., in συμβούλιον δ. conspired (against Jesus) Mk 3:6. ἀφορμὴν δ. give an occasion (for someth.) 2 Cor 5:12; Hm 4, 1, 11; μαρτυρίαν δ. give testimony 1 Cl 30:7; δ. τὸ μαρτύριον bear witness AcPl Ha 4, 28; γνώμην δ. give an opinion 1 Cor 7:25; 2 Cor 8:10; ἐγκοπὴν δ. cause a hindrance 1 Cor 9:12; ἐντολὴν δ. command, order J 11:57; 12:49; 1J 3:23; ἐντολὴν καινὴν δ. give a new commandment J 13:34; εὔσημον λόγον δ. speak plainly or intelligibly 1 Cor 14:9; παραγγελίαν δ. give an instruction 1 Th 4:2; δ. τὴν ἐν [κυρίῳ σφραγίδα] seal in the Lord AcPl Ha 11, 23 (restored after the Coptic); προσκοπὴν δ. put an obstacle in (someone’s) way 2 Cor 6:3; δ. ἐκδίκησιν take vengeance 2 Th 1:8; ῥάπισμα δ. τινί slap someone J 18:22; 19:3; σημεῖον δ. give a sign Mt 26:48; τόπον δ. τινί make room for someone (Plut., Gai. Gracch. 840 [13, 3]) Lk 14:9; fig. leave room for Ro 12:19 (cp. τόπος 4); Eph 4:27. ὑπόδειγμα δ. give an example J 13:15; φίλημα δ. τινί give someone a kiss Lk 7:45.—δὸς ἐργασίαν Lk 12:58 is prob. a Latinism=da operam take pains, make an effort (B-D-F §5, 3b note 9; Rob. 109), which nevertheless penetrated the popular speech (OGI 441, 109 [senatorial decree 81 B.C.]; POxy 742, 11 [colloq. letter 2 B.C.] δὸς ἐργασίαν; PMich 203, 7; 466, 33f [Trajan]; PGiss 11, 16 [118 A.D.]; PBrem 5, 8 [117/119 A.D.]).

ⓑ esp. oft. of God (Hom. et al.) and Christ: give, grant, impose (of punishments etc.), send, of gifts, peace τινί τι Eph 4:8; 1 Cl 60:4; τινί τινος give someone some of a thing Rv 2:17. Also τινὶ ἔκ τινος 1J 4:13. τὶ εἴς τινα 1 Th 4:8 (Ezk 37:14); εἰς τὰς καρδίας put into the hearts Rv 17:17 (cp. X., Cyr. 8, 2, 20 δ. τινί τι εἰς ψυχήν). Also ἐν τ. καρδίαις δ. (cp. ἐν 3) 2 Cor 1:22; 8:16 (cp. Ezk 36:27). εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν Hb 8:10 (Jer 38: 33); ἐπὶ καρδίας Hb 10:16 (δ. ἐπί w. acc. as Jer 6:21, and s. Jer 38:33 ἐπὶ καρδίας αὐτῶν γράψω). W. ἵνα foll. grant that Mk 10:37.—The pass. occurs very oft. in this sense (Plut., Mor. 265d; 277e) Lk 8:10; Rv 6:4; 7:2; 13:7, 14f and oft. ἐκδίκησιν διδόναι τινί inflict punishment on someone 2 Th 1:8; βασανισμὸν καὶ πένθος δ. τινί send torment and grief upon someone Rv 18:7; ὄνομα δ. GJs 6:2, χάριν δ. (Jos., Bell. 7, 325) Js 4:6; 1 Pt 5:5 (both Pr 3:34); GJs 14:2; υἱοθεσίαν AcPl Ha 2, 28; 9,12; ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν 2, 30f; μεγαλεῖα 6,13. W. gen. foll. over someone Mt 10:1; Mk 6:7; J 17:2.—B. 749. Schmidt, Syn. 193–203. DELG. M-M. TW.

τίθημι [pron. full] [τῐ], [ per.] 2sg.

A

τιθεῖς Pi.P.8.11

, S.Ph. 992 cod. B ( τιθείς LA rec.), E.Cyc. 545 codd. Lp (- θείς P,

τίθης

l), Alc.

890

codd. pler., corrupted to

τιθείς Pl.R. 376e

Stob., Arr.Epict.3.22.76, Pl.Euthd. 301e ([etym.] ἐπι-), Lib. Or.46.28 ([etym.] προς-) ; ἐν-τιθεῖς (v.l. -εὶς) Ar.Eq. 717;

περι-τιθεῖς BGU 1141.19

(i B.C.); but τίθης is found in Pl.R.l.c. codd. AD, Ar. l.c. cod. A, Lib.Or.27.11 ([etym.] προς-), etc., and is taught by Choerob. in Theod. 2.328 H.; [dialect] Ep.

τίθησθα Od.9.404

, 24.476, and so in [dialect] Aeol., Alc.Supp.4.27 (

τίθεισθα Hsch.

); [ per.] 3sg.

τίθησι Il.4.83

, al., and [dialect] Att.; [dialect] Dor.

τίθητι SIG 331.13

(Megara, iv B.C.), Theoc.3.48; [ per.] 3pl.

τιθέασι Th.5.96

, Alex.128; [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion.

τιθεῖσι Il.16.262

, Hes.Th. 597, Hdt.2.91 (also A.Ag. 466 (lyr.)); [dialect] Aeol. τίθεισι ([etym.] προ-) Schwyzer 631 A 2 (ii B.C.); [dialect] Dor.

τίθεντι IG12(3).103.10

([place name] Nisvrus); [dialect] Ion. [ per.] 3sg.

τιθεῖ Il.13.732

, Mimn.1.6, Hdt. 1.113, also Arc., SIG559.16 (Megalop., iii B.C. ) (

τιθῶ Luc.Ocyp.43

,81, διατιθῶ cited by A.D.Synt.290.6): [tense] impf.

ἐτίθην Pl.Grg. 500b

;

ἐτίθεις Id.R. 528d

, Ar.Nu.59 ([etym.] ἐν-), etc.;

ἐτίθει Il.18.541

, al., Ar.Ach. 532, Nu. 63 ([etym.] προς-), etc., [dialect] Ep.

τίθει Il.1.441

, al.; [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl.

τίθεσαν Od.22.456

;

τίθεν Pi.P.3.65

;

πρό-τιθεν Od.1.112

(Aristarch.); late

ἐτίθουν Act.Ap.4.35

; [dialect] Ion. [tense] impf. τίθεσκον Hes Fr.112; ἐτίθεα ([etym.] ὑπερ-) Hdt.3.155: imper.

τίθει Il.1.509

, etc.; inf. τιθέναι, not in Hom. or Hes.; [dialect] Ep.

τιθήμεναι Il.23.83

;

τιθέμεν Hes.Op. 744

, Pi.P.1.40;

τιθεῖν Thgn.286

, IG12(9).189.5 ([place name] Eretria); written

τιθῖν Byzantion 8.50

(Phrygia, iv A.D.); part. τιθείς, but [dialect] Ion. pl. τιθεῦντες v.l. in Hdt.2.91: [tense] fut. θήσω, [dialect] Ep. inf.

θησέμεναι Il.12.35

,

θησέμεν Pi.P.10.58

: [tense] aor.1 ἔθηκα, only used in indic., and mostly in sg., for though [ per.] 3pl. is common, the 1 and [ per.] 2pl. are rare, X.Mem.4.2.15, ([etym.] ἀν-) Hyp.Eux.9; even ἔθηκαν is very rare in early Attic,

ἀνέθηκαν IG2.1620d

, 22.2971 (both iv B.C.), but is found in Plb.8.4.4, etc.; [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl.

θῆκαν Il.24.795

, etc.: [tense] aor. 2 ἔθην, not used in indic. sg., whereas pl. is very common, ἔθεμεν, ἔθετε, ἔθεσαν, [dialect] Ep.

θέσαν 12.29

, etc.; imper.

θές Ar.Lys. 185

, etc.; [dialect] Lacon. [ per.] 3sg. σέτω ib. 1081; subj. θῶ, [dialect] Aeol. and [dialect] Ion.

θέω Sapph.12

, ([etym.] προς-) Hdt.1.108, [dialect] Ep.

θείω Il.16.83

, al. (for Θή-ω); [dialect] Ep. 2 and [ per.] 3sg. θήῃς, θήῃ, 6.432, 16.96, Od.10.301, 341 (sts. with the opt. forms θείης, θείη as v.l.); [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 1pl. θέωμεν (disyll.) 24.485, θείομεν (for Θήο-μεν, short-vowel subjunctive) Il.23.244, Od.13.364; opt. θείην, [ per.] 1pl.

θεῖμεν 12.347

, Pl.Prt. 343e ( θείημεν codd. BT),

προς-θεῖμεν Id.R. 370d

, and

κατα-θεῖτε D.14.27

; [ per.] 3pl.

θεῖεν S.OC 865

; inf. θεῖναι, [dialect] Ep.

θέμεναι Il.2.285

,

θέμεν Od.21.3

, Hes.Op.61,67; [dialect] Dor.

θέμειν IG 12(1).677.13

(Rhodes, iv B.C.); part.

θείς Il.23.254

, etc.: [tense] pf. τέθηκα [dialect] Att. Inscrr., IG22.2490.7 (iv B.C.), ([etym.] ἀνα-) ib.839.38, 1299.44, 1534.76, also at Delos, ib.11(2).161 A6 (iii B.C.), etc., and in Papyri, POxy. 1087.42 (i B.C.);

τέθεικα PCair.Zen. 324

(iii B.C.), ([etym.] ὑπο-) PPetr.3p.53 (iii B.C.), ([etym.] ἐκ-) UPZ62.4 (ii B.C.), ([etym.] ἀνα-) IG22.1011.71,80 (ii B.C.), ([etym.] προς-) Str.1.2.23; hence some editors restore τέθηκα for τέθεικα in Attic authors, as X.Mem.4.4.19, D.20.55, 22.16, 27.36, Alex.15.13; Phocian [ per.] 3pl.

ἀνα-τεθέκαντι BCH59.202

([place name] Daulis):—[voice] Med. τίθεμαι, [ per.] 2sg.

τίθεσαι Pl.Tht. 202c

; τίθη or τίθῃ dub. in PTeb.768.9 (ii B.C.); as [voice] Pass., AP11.300 (Pall.); imper.

τίθεσο Ar. Pax 1039

, Pl. Sph. 237b,

τίθου A.Eu. 226

, [dialect] Dor. τίθευσο cj. in AP9.564 (Nic., τιθεύσω cod., τίθεσσο Plan., cf. ἀφίκευσο); [dialect] Ep. part.

τιθήμενος Il.10.34

: [tense] fut.

θήσομαι 24.402

, etc.: [tense] aor. 1 ἒθηκάμην, only in indic. and part., and never in [dialect] Att.; [ per.] 2sg.

ἐθήκαο Theoc.29.18

; [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3sg.

θήκατο Il.10.31

, Hes.Sc. 128; part.

θηκάμενος Thgn.1150

, Pi.P.4.29: [tense] aor. 2

ἐθέμην Il.2.750

, etc.; [dialect] Ep. and Lyr. [ per.] 3sg.

θέτο 10.149

, Pi.N.10.89; imper.

θέο Od. 10.333

,

θοῦ S.OC 466

; subj.

θῶμαι E.HF 486

, etc.; [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 2sg.

θῆαι Od. 19.403

; opt.

θείμην S.Ant. 188

, etc.; [ per.] 3sg.

θεῖτο Od.17.225

, A.Pr. 527 (lyr.), Pl.Tht. 195c, etc. (πρός-θοιτο, -θοισθε, ἔν-θοιτο are found in D. 11.6, 21.188, 34.17, but

προς-θεῖτο Id.6.12

codd.; ἐπιθοίμεθα, -θοιντο, Th.6.34,11; cf.

τιθοῖτο X.Mem.3.8.10

): [tense] pf. (v. infr.):—[voice] Pass.

τίθεμαι SIG57.25

(Milet., v B.C.), Pl.Lg. 705e, 744a: [tense] fut.

τεθήσομαι E.El. 1268

, Pl.Lg. 730b, D.24.17: [tense] aor.

ἐτέθην E.HF 1245

, Lys.31.28, etc. (

ἐθέθην IG14.862

(Cumae, vi B.C.)): [tense] pf. τέθειμαι, rare in early Gr., LXX 1 Ki.9.24, Ev.Marc.15.47, ([etym.] προς-) Arist.Mech. 853a35; inf.

τεθεῖσθαι Ar.Fr. 327

codd. (but f.l.); part.

τεθειμένος Demad.12

, ([etym.] προ-) X.Hier.9.11, ([etym.] δια-) Men.591; also used in med. sense, D.21.49, SIG705.17 (Delph., ii B.C.), BGU1735.11 (i B.C.), Luc.Somn.9, ([etym.] ἐν-) D.34.16, ([etym.] προ-) Supp.Epigr.7.62.6 (Seleucia Pieria, ii B.C.), ([etym.] συν-) OGI229.62 (Smyrna, iii B.C.); ὑπεκ-τεθημένος (sic) BCH54.269 (Rhamnus, iii B.C.); ἀνα-τέθηται (pass. sense) Phld.Mus.p.81 K.; Phocian [tense] pf. part. (med. sense)

ἀνα-τεθεμένος BCH59.202

([place name] Daulis):— the [voice] Pass. never occurs in Hom., and is generally rare, κεῖμαι being used instead.

A in local sense, set, put, place,

λίθον Il.21.405

, cf. IG12.373.10, al.;

θεμείλια Il.12.29

; τέρματα τ. Od.8.193; κλισίην, θρόνον τ. τινί, set a stool or chair for him, 4.123, 8.65 (so in [voice] Med., set for oneself,

δίφρον 20.387

);

ἐκελήσατο θέμεν τὰν κλίναν, ἐφ' ἇς τὰν Σωστράταν ἔφερον

lay down,

IG42(1).122.31

(Epid., iv B.C.); πόδα τ. plant the foot, i.e. walk, run, A.Eu. 294, E.IT32: so in [voice] Med., τετράποδος βάσιν θηρὸς τιθέμενος, i.e. going on all fours, Id.Hec. 1059 (lyr.): the mode is expressed by Advbs. or Preps.,

a with Advbs., τ. τι πυρὸς ἐγγύς, ἀπάνευθε πυρός, Od.14.518, Il.18.412;

προπάροιθε ποδῶν 20.324

;

χαμαὶ τ. τὸν πόδα A.Ag. 906

; τὰ ἄνω κάτω and τὰ κάτω ἄνω τ. Hdt.3.3, cf. A.Eu. 651, etc.: with Advbs. implying motion,

ἄλλοσε θῆκε Od.23.184

, 204;

ἔχεις.. ὅποι θήσεις Pl.R. 479c

:—[voice] Med.,

ὅποι.. τιθοῖτο X.Mem.3.8.10

.

b with Preps. of local sense,

θεῖσα στέφανον ἀμφὶ βοστρύχοις E.Med. 1160

([voice] Med.,

ἀμφ' ὤμοισι τιθήμενον ἔντεα Il.10.34

); ἀνά τινι or τι, as

ἂμ βωμοῖσι Il.8.441

;

ἀνὰ μυρίκην 10.466

; ἐπί τινος, τινι, or τι, as

εἵματα ἐπ' ἀπήνης Od.6.252

, cf. Il.16.223, etc.;

ἐπὶ κρατὶ κυνέην 15.480

;

πέπλον Ἀθηναίης ἐπὶ γούνασι 6.92

(v. infr.111.2); ἐπὶ [θρόνον τὰ ἱμάτια] Hdt.1.9, cf. A.Supp. 483, etc.; τὴν ἀρχὴν (sc. τοῦ ἐπιδέσμου) κατὰ μεσοφρύου, ἐπὶ ἰνίον, etc., Sor.Fasc.1,2, al.; ὑπό τινι or τι, as

δέμνι' ὑπ' αἰθούσῃ Il.24.644

;

ἀμβροσίην ὑπὸ ῥῖνά τινι Od.4.445

: most freq. with the Preps. ἐν or εἰς, put in or put into.., as

θῆκεν ἐν ἀκμοθέτῳ ἄκμονα Il.18.476

;

τόξα ἐν πυρί 5.215

;

ἐν κίστῃ ἐδωδήν Od.6.76

; ἐν λεχέεσσι θ. [τινά] Il.18.352 (so in [voice] Med., ἐς δίφρον ἄρνας θέτο put into the car, 3.310;

ὁ θεὸς ἔθετο τὰ μέλη ἐν τῷ σώματι 1 Ep.Cor.12.18

); ἐς λάρνακα, ἐς κάπετον, Il.24.795, 797;

ἐς ταφάς S.Aj. 1110

([voice] Med.,

ἐν τάφοισι θέσθε Id.OC 1410

), cf. Ant. 504, Tr. 1254.

c in Poets also with dat. only,

χρήματα μυχῷ ἄντρου Od.13.364

(so in [voice] Med.,

κολεῷ ἄορ θέο 10.333

), cf. S.Tr. 691, E.Hel. 1064.--The same constructions will be found under many of the following heads.

II Special phrases:

1 θεῖναί τινί τι ἐν χερσίν, ἐν χειρί, put it in his hands, Il.1.441, 585, etc.; ἐν χερσί or

χείρεσσί τινος 6.482

, 23.597;

οἶνον Ὀδυσσῆϊ ἐν χείρεσσι Od.14.448

; ἐς χεῖρά τινος into his hand, S.Aj. 751.

2 of women, θέσθαι παῖδα, υἱὸν ὑπὸ ζώνῃ, to have a child put under her girdle, i.e. to conceive, h.Ven. 255, 282.

3 ἐν ὄμμασι θέσθαι set before one's eyes, Pi.N.8.43.

4 set a plant, X.Oec.19.7,9.

b lay a mosaic, PCair.Zen.665.10,15 (iii B.C.).

5 θέσθαι τὴν ψῆφον lay one's voting-pebble on the altar, put it into the urn,

ἐς τεῦχος οὐ διχορρόπως ψήφους ἔθεντο A.Ag. 816

: hence simply, give one's vote, ἐπὶ φόνῳ for death, E.Or. 756 (troch.); ἑωυτῷ in one's own favour, Hdt.8.123;

σὺν τῷ νόμῳ X.Cyr.1.3.17

; εὔφρονα, δικαίαν τὴν ψῆφον τ., A.Supp. 640 (lyr.), Lycurg.128, etc.; and in [voice] Pass.,

ἔστω δὴ φανερὰ ἡ ψῆφος τιθεμένη Pl.Lg. 855d

: also γνώμην θέσθαι, c. inf., give one's opinion, Hdt.7.82;

περὶ ἡμῶν And.3.21

: τίθεσθαι abs., vote,

γνώμῃ S.Ph. 1448

codd. (anap., γνώμην Lambinus), Hld.2.29;

μετά τινος A.Supp. 644

(lyr.);

ἐναντία τινί Pl.Phlb. 58b

; τινι S.E.P.2.37 codd., Lib.Decl.1.65.

6 in Hom., θεῖναί τινί τι ἐν στήθεσσι, ἐν φρεσί, etc., put or plant it in his heart,

ἐν στήθεσσι τιθεῖ νόον Il.13.732

; βουλὴν ἐν στήθεσσι τ. 17.470;

ἔπος ἐν φρεσί 19.121

, al.; also

μένος δέ οἱ ἐν φρεσὶ θῆκε 21.145

:—[voice] Med., ἄγριον ἐν στήθεσσι θέτο θυμόν laid up wrath in his heart, treasured it there, 9.629;

ἐν φρεσὶ θέσθε αἰδῶ καὶ νέμεσιν 13.121

; τοῖσιν κότον αἰνὸν ἔθεσθε harboured enmity against them, 8.449;

καθαρὸν θέμενος νόον Thgn.89

;

θέμενος ἄγναμπτον νόον A.Pr. 164

(lyr.); ἐνὶ φρεσὶ θέσθαι, c. inf., bear in mind, think of doing a thing, Od.4.729;

θ. [τι] ἐν καρδίᾳ Ev.Luc. 1.66

.

7 deposit, as in a bank,

τὰ πρυτανεῖα πρὸς τοὺς ἄρχοντας IG12.22.33

;

θεὶς ἐπὶ τὴν τράπεζαν τὰς τετταράκοντα μνᾶς Hyp.Ath.5

;

ἐνέχυρον τιθέναι τι Ar.Pl. 451

, cf. Ec. 755, D.41.11, PEnteux.32.7 (iii B.C.), etc.:—[voice] Med.,

τὰ ἡμίσεα τῆς οὐσίης θέσθαι παρά τινα Hdt.6.86

.ά, cf. Od.13.207;

τὴν τιμὴν θήσονται ἐπὶ τὴν τράπεζαν, ἕως.. PCair.Zen.723.11

(iii B.C.);

ἐγγύην θέσθαι A.Eu. 898

;

συνθήκας παρά τινι Lycurg.23

:—[voice] Pass.,

τὰ ληφθέντα καὶ τὰ τεθεντα D.49.5

(but [voice] Act. and [voice] Med. are sts. distd., ὁ θείς the mortgagor, ὁ θέμενος the mortgagee,

τοὺς θέντας ἡμᾶς ἢ καὶ τοὺς θεμένους ὑμᾶς Pl.Lg. 820e

, cf. Hyp.Fr. 169, D.53.10; τίθεσθαι seems to have the same meaning as ὑποτίθεσθαι in IG22.43.41, 2758.4, 12(7).55.12 (Arcesine, iv/iii B.C.), but the two are distd. in Supp.Epigr.3.760 (Euboea, iv B.C.)): metaph., χάριν or χάριτα θέσθαι τινί deposit a claim for favour with one, lay an obligation on one, Hdt.9.60, 107, cf. A.Pr. 783, etc.